CRIMINOLOGY WORKBOOK

1 CRIMINOLOGY WORKBOOKThe Napier PressWJEC LEVEL 3 CRIMINOLOGY BOOK TWO CriminologyNAPIER PRESST opic Evaluate the effectiveness of the roles of personnel involved in criminal investigations 2 Topic Assess the usefulness of investigative techniques in criminal investigations 16 Topic Explain how evidence is processed 36 Topic Examine the rights of individuals in criminal investigations 47 Topic Explain the requirements of the Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) for prosecuting suspects 61 Topic Describe trial processes 71 Topic Understand rules in relation to the use of evidence in criminal cases 85 Topic Assess key influences affecting the outcomes of criminal cases 96 Topic Discuss the use of laypeople in criminal cases 110 Topic Examine information for validity 128 Topic Draw conclusions from information 147 UNIT 3 Crime Scene to CourtroomOverviewThis Unit takes you on a journey through the criminal justice system.

2 We begin with the initial investigation that takes place once a crime is discovered and then we move through the different stages of arrest, prosecution and conviction of the offender, and nally to any appeal. We begin by looking at the roles of the different personnel involved once a crime is detected, including police of cers, crime scene investigators and forensics specialists. We examine the different techniques investigators use to gather evidence, including forensic laboratory analysis, surveillance, interviewing and offender pro ling. Once the evidence against a suspect has been collected, the Crown Prosecution Service has to decide whether to prosecute them. We consider how they reach their we look at the rights of suspects who are arrested, charged and tried, and the safeguards that aim to ensure they receive a fair trial.

3 These safeguards include important rules about what kind of evidence is permitted in court. For example, hearsay evidence and confessions obtained by threatening the suspect are ruled out. Criminal trials may be held in a magistrates court or for more serious offences before a jury in the Crown Court. We examine the role that ordinary citizens (laypeople) play as magistrates and jurors, including the factors that may in uence a jury s verdict. For example, are jurors swayed by what they see on social media about the case they are trying? Miscarriages of justice occur when an innocent person is convicted of a crime or when the trial itself was so unfair that we cannot be sure the defendant is guilty. In such cases, the court s verdict is unsafe and it may be overturned on appeal. When you have completed this Unit, you will be in a position to review criminal cases, evaluate the evidence and the trial process, and decide for yourself whether the verdict reached by a court is safe and Scene to CourtroomUNIT37-85 Napier CRIMINOLOGY 15/13/19 11:44 AM 2019 Napier Press Limited.

4 All rights reserved The Napier Press CRIMINOLOGY Unit Three WorkbookriesCriminologyNAPIER PRESSThe key personnel in criminal investigationsIn this Topic, we look at the key personnel involved in investigating crimes and the roles they perform, and we examine the strengths and limitations of each of them. The following personnel are the ones most closely involved in criminal investigations: Police offi cers are usually rst on the crime scene and they secure it for investigation. Police detectives lead the investigation into the crime. Crime scene investigators gather and preserve evidence from crime scenes for use in investigations. forensic scientists examine, analyse and interpret crime scene evidence using their specialist knowledge and skills. forensic pathologists specialise in establishing the causes of suspicious deaths.

5 The Crown Prosecution Service makes the decision about whether to charge and prosecute a of cersA police of cer is usually the rst person called to a crime scene and they have a vital role at the start of the investigation. Of cers need to safeguard the public and attend to anyone seriously injured at the scene, for example by calling an emergency ambulance. If possible, they need to arrest the suspect, though in many cases they will have left the , as far as the investigation is concerned, the police of cer s key job is to secure the crime scene in order to conserve the evidence. As far as possible they should avoid contaminating the scene by moving furniture, opening doors etc. Police of cers Go to the effectiveness of the roles of personnel involved in criminal investigationsGetting StartedWorking in small groups, imagine you are a member of the public at the scene of a suspicious death.

6 What would you do and what do you think the procedure would be to deal with this scene? You could consider the following:1. What is your rst action?2. Who would you expect to arrive at the scene?3. What would the personnel who attend the scene be doing?7-85 Napier CRIMINOLOGY 25/13/19 11:44 AMTopic the effectiveness of personnel 2019 Napier Press Limited. All rights reserved The Napier Press CRIMINOLOGY Unit Three WORKBOOK CriminologyNAPIER PRESSTOPIC Evaluate the effectiveness of the roles of personnel involved in criminal investigationsLearning Objectives:After studying this Topic, you should be able to: - Give a clear and detailed evaluation of the effectiveness of the roles of the following personnel involved in criminal investigations: police officers/detectives crime scene investigators forensic specialists forensic scientists pathologists the Crown Prosecution Service other investigative Understand the roles and consider their effectiveness in relation to the following potential limitations: cost expertise Started (page 8)Write your answers to the Getting Started activity What is your first action?

7 2. Who would you expect to arrive at the scene? 3. What would the personnel who attend the scene be doing?2 CriminologyNAPIER PRESS3 Topic the effectiveness of personnel 2019 Napier Press Limited. All rights reserved The Napier Press CRIMINOLOGY Unit Three WorkbookThe key personnel in criminal investigations (page 8) 3 Police officers (pages 8-9)1. What are the main actions taken by police when they arrive at a crime scene? 2. What is meant by the golden hour ?3. Briefly explain the role of police : Media Police officers (page 8)1. When does police involvement with a domestic burglary begin? 2. What should you do if the burglary is still going on and what will then happen? 3. What should you do if a burglary has taken place and what will then happen? 4. What do police record in a witness statement?

8 CriminologyNAPIER PRESS4 Topic the effectiveness of personnel 2019 Napier Press Limited. All rights reserved The Napier Press CRIMINOLOGY Unit Three Workbook5. Why do the police get as much detail as possible?6. What is the Victim Personal Statement? 7. What information is the victim given after the statement has been taken? 8. What do police do in the next stage of the investigation? 9. What evidence might the police look for? Give specific examples. 10. Who attends the scene to deal with forensic evidence? 11. What do crime scene investigators do, for example at a burglary? 12. List the types of evidence that crime scene investigators look for. 13. Why is it important not to disturb the scene of a burglary? 14. How are fingerprints used by the police? CriminologyNAPIER PRESS5 Topic the effectiveness of personnel 2019 Napier Press Limited.

9 All rights reserved The Napier Press CRIMINOLOGY Unit Three Workbook15. Briefly outline what happens once a case is handed on to the burglary unit. 16. What tools are used by modern policing to investigate burglary? 17. How are the public vital to helping the police to solve crimes? 18. How can the media help a police investigation? 19. What can the public do if they recognise a suspect? 20. Why do many burglaries result in no further police action? 21. What happens if new evidence comes to light in a case? 22. What do the police do if a suspect is identified? 23. What happens if a suspect has an alibi? 24. Where do the files go after all evidence is gathered and what action is taken?CriminologyNAPIER PRESS6 Topic the effectiveness of personnel 2019 Napier Press Limited. All rights reserved The Napier Press CRIMINOLOGY Unit Three WorkbookCrime scene investigators (page 9)1.

10 Who are crime scene investigators (CSIs)?2. Briefly outline the availability of CSIs. How many are there typically in a large force and when are they available?3. Briefly outline the role of a List some of the main activities of (page 9)1. Why are the police criticised?2. What can police failure be due to?3. What criticisms did the Macpherson Report make of the police force?Question (page 9)In what ways might institutional racism affect the way the police deal with a crime scene?CriminologyNAPIER PRESS7 Topic the effectiveness of personnel 2019 Napier Press Limited. All rights reserved The Napier Press CRIMINOLOGY Unit Three WorkbookForensic scientists and specialists (page 10)1. What do forensic scientists do?2. Give an example of forensic analysis that may be carried List the different specialist areas that forensic scientists may work in.