Difficult behaviour in groups - SHURA

1 Difficult behaviour in groupsDOEL, from Sheffield Hallam University Research Archive ( SHURA ) at: document is the author deposited version. You are advised to consult the publisher's version if you wish to cite from versionDOEL, M. (2005). Difficult behaviour in groups . Social work with groups , 28 (1), 3-22. Copyright and re-use policySee Hallam University Research behaviour in GroupsMark DoelAddress for correspondence:Mark Doel, Research Professor of Social Work, Sheffield Hallam University,Collegiate Crescent Campus, Sheffield S10 2BJ, behaviour in Groupspage2 Difficult behaviour in GroupsAbstract:This article is based on work with 24 groupworkers in a Children'sServices agency in the English Midlands.

2 Focus groups to consider the trainingpriorities for groupworkers revealed one of the most pressing issues was difficultbehaviours in groups . (This was initially referred to as challenging behaviour , butit was recognised that the word is ambiguous, so it was replaced by ' Difficult ').The groupworkers were asked to present an example of Difficult behaviour , someof which are reproduced here, as part of a process to understand the meaning ofdifficult behaviour and to add context. Nine themes arose from the work with theChildren's Services groupworkers, and the article explores each theme and itsimplications for groupwork practice.

3 The article relates the topic of difficultbehaviour to the wider literature and suggests that the key to understanding andworking with these behaviours in groups is the ability of thegroupworker tounlock the meaning of the behaviour , and to find a way to articulate thisalongside group members. Groupworkers' honesty with themselves about thefeelings aroused by Difficult behaviours emerges as a significant words: groupwork education; Difficult behaviour ; group behaviour ; co-working; children's services; focus behaviour in Groupspage3 IntroductionThe enthusiasm to lead and facilitate groups is often tempered by the concernswhich potential groupworkers have about their confidence and skills in this order to support a major groupwork initiative by a Children's ServicesDepartment in the English Midlands, the author was asked to work with twenty-four workers in three teams in the agency.

4 The teams were Community Support(to prevent accommodation of children and assist rehabilitation), Family Solutions(also to prevent accommodation, using solution-focused approaches) and 16+(after-care for young people leaving care). The teams were experiencing areorganisation but wished to maintain a groupwork of the workershad facilitated at least one group , but their groupwork had largely been learnedthrough experience and they had received little to no formaltraining ingroupwork. The group of workers was ethnically diverse, andall but four groups to identify priority areas for groupwork trainingAn initial half-day with 22 groupworkers was an opportunityfor introductions andfor focus groups to consider what aspects of groupwork were considered mostimportant to cover in the available two days of training.

5 'Focus groups are a datacollection method in which people reflect together on selected themes orquestions' (Home, 1997, ). Unlike Delphi and Nominal group approaches,focus groups harness rather than control the group process,and are especiallyapt when the participants are knowledgeable about the topicand interested in it,as was the case with the Children's Services a warm-up, a 'name game' was used in which each person makesanintroduction by reflecting on their name, what it means to them, how their namewas chosen, how it might have been personalised and adapted ( shortened).

6 This is an effective way to help people to begin to think beyond the surface, toDifficult behaviour in Groupspage4disclose a little, and to ease into reflective ways of thinking, which may require adifferent pattern to the regular working day. Reflecting onwhat your name mightsignify and listening to others working through this process anticipates the searchfor meaning that will underpin later work. It is also three focus groups , the groupworkers were asked to work onthis question:What aspects of groupworking would you like the training to focus on?Theywere reminded that there were just two one-day events, so it would be importantto prioritise the topics.

7 Each group did this by asteriskingthe points which gaineddeepest and broadest support. Feedback from each group was both verbal andwritten (on flipcharts) and shared across all groups so thatwe could establishcollective responses were relatively sophisticated and a number ofagreed priorityareas emerged during the plenary group discussion. The flipcharts and record ofthe discussion enabled further work to determine topics, six in all, each of whichformed the basis of a session in the subsequent two days with the topics were, in no priority:1 Planning groups and underpinning theoryChoosing an appropriate model of groupwork, linked to purpose.

8 Practicalitiessuch as attendance, and getting group members there; contingency plans; timingof the group . Crisis intervention theory and Co-working groupsCo-workers' different 'thresholds' with regard to group members' behaviour ;professional boundaries; confidentiality; self-disclosure; establishing groundrules;diversity and difference in the leadership and the Groupwork techniquesDifficult behaviour in Groupspage5 How to use and choose from a variety of techniques to achieve the group 'spurpose; techniques to workwith quiet members and contain dominant ones;effective icebreakers.

9 Confidence to broaden methods, drama and Difficult behaviours in groupsWhat to do when you experience behaviour which you find challenging;understanding group dynamics; challenging prejudice; handling a clash of valuesystems; working with uncertainty; motivating groups5 SubgroupsUnderstanding and working with subgroups; groups within groups ; understandingand working with youth Evaluating groupsHow to bring sessions to a successful close; how do we know whether the grouphas been successful, in what ways? Involving service users in 'measurable'outcomes; sessional closure; getting the best from group findings from a single project of this nature cannot be generalised, but theydo help to illuminate the kinds of priorities made by workersin human services(or certainly children's services), in terms of preparation for groupwork.

10 Weshould remember, too, that there is a culture of groupwork inthe teams involvedin this project and that these participants probably have more active experienceof groupwork than is topic of ' Difficult behaviours in groups ' emerged as oneof the most urgentconcerns for the groupworkers and it is this aspect of groupwork which this articleconsiders in behaviour in Groupspage6 What is ' Difficult ' behaviour ?How might we understand this notion of Difficult behaviour ?(First named as'challenging' by the participants, but this was found to be ambiguous, so re-named ' Difficult '). behaviours in groups have often been conceptualised in termsof role theory.