DOMAIN ONE Basic and Applied Sciences

1 Basic and Applied SciencesDOMAIN ONEEXAM WEIGHT 22% / CHAPTERS REFERENCED ONEDOMAIN ONE / Basic AND Applied SCIENCESB asic and Applied Sciences includes foundational information from which all other personal fitness training applications are built. In it, you will learn the structure and function of different bodily systems like the skeletal and muscular systems. This DOMAIN will also include information on kinesiology and biomechanics, the study of human movement. Basic and Applied Sciences are important for you to pass your final exam given it s 22% of the questions on your test. However, it s also important for your ongoing career so you can easily learn new trends and styles of training by applying the cornerstones of exercise science to To create change in your client s body means knowing the concept of homeostasis, the body s automatic tendency to maintain a constant internal body environment through various processes.

2 You also need to know kinesiology, which is the study of physical movement, and the active and passive structures involved. 98% of the body is composed of only six elements: oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, and phosphorous. Its hierarchy is structured: Chemicals > Cells > Tissues > Organs > Systems > Organism One of the most talked about parts of the cell is the powerhouse of the cell , mitochondria. It s the organelle responsible for energy production. For training purposes, you ll focus on: Skeletal system (about 206 bones all together) Axial skeletal system - 80 bones including the skull, spine, and ribs Appendicular system - all other extensions of the axial skeletal system (126 bones)

3 60 in upper extremities 60 in lower extremities 2 in pelvic girdle 4 in shoulder girdle Muscular system Muscle tissue that connects to bones for movement to occur Nervous system - specifically the somatic system as it is responsible for voluntary actions Basic and Applied ONE Cardiorespiratory system circulatory system - the heart, arteries, and veins that act as a transport system respiratory system - the lungs and air passageways which supply oxygen to the body and remove carbon dioxide Digestive system Responsible for breaking down food and eliminating waste Endocrine system Releases hormones and responsible for metabolic activities ( , growth hormone is most abundantly produced by the pituitary gland)SKELETAL SYSTEM Some things you should know about the skeletal system include structure and function.

4 The skeletal system includes the bones and joints that make up the structure or framework of our body. There are five main categories of are connective tissue which connect bone to bone to form joints. Joints are the points where two bones connect. Specifically, synovial joints allow movement. They are the most important to fitness trainers and are classified into the following six ClassificationCharacteristicExampleFlat bonesCurved surface and provide protectionIlium, ribs, sternum, clavicle, scapulaShort bonesSmall, cube-shapedCarpals and tarsalsLong bonesLong, cylindrical shaft and provide structural supportTibia, fibula, femur, radius, ulna, humerusSesamoid bonesSmall bones in the tendon of a musculotendinous jointPatella, flexor tendons of the toe and thumbIrregular bonesServe a variety of purposes.

5 Include the bones of the spineBones in the ischium, pubisType of JointExampleGlidingTarsals of the footCondyloidalWrist between the radius and the carpal bonesBall and socketShoulder and hipHingeElbow, ankle, and kneeSaddleThumbPivotPivotal radius at the radioulnar jointDOMAIN ONE / Basic AND Applied ONEDOMAIN ONE / Basic AND Applied SCIENCESMUSCULAR SYSTEM The muscular system is what most people tend to think of when considering exercise programs. You need to know structure, function, role, and anatomy for this section. There are three types of muscle tissue based on their structure and function. They include:Muscle Tissue Type Characteristic Example Cardiac Muscle Striated and involuntary Makes up the wall of the heartSmooth Muscle Smooth and involuntary Found in other organs like those of the digestive system Skeletal Muscle Striated, voluntary, and fatigue easily Attaches to bone, responsible for all movement Muscles are made up of sarcomeres.

6 A sarcomere is a structural unit of a myofibril (muscle fiber). Myofibrils have overlapping strands of protein polymers called actin (thin) and myosin (thick). An electrical trigger stimulates the release of calcium which binds to actin. This then allows the interaction with the other contractile protein, myosin. This series of interactions, the myosin pulling across the actin, is what causes shortening in the muscle and ultimately a muscle contraction. Muscles connect to bones, via tendons, at the origin and insertion. Origin - the proximal (closer to the midline of the body) attachment Insertion - the distal (farther from the midline) attachment Action - the specific movements that each muscle is responsible for Innervation - the specific distribution of nerves to a particular part of the arrangement of muscle fibers, or the directions in which they run, will help you learn the directions they pull on the skeletal system to produce movement.

7 The different types of muscle fiber arrangements include:Type of Muscle Fiber Example ParallelRun parallel to longitudinal axis of muscle; the stylohyoid (neck muscle)Fusiform Run parallel to the longitudinal axis of the muscle; the biceps brachiiTriangular Spread over a broad area; pectoralis Unipennate Arrangement is only on one side of tendon; flexor policis longusBipennateArrangement on both sides of tendon; soleusMultipennateFibers are arranged obliquely or diagonal and have several tendon attachments; ONEDOMAIN ONE / Basic AND Applied Sciences There are two main types of muscles: Type I - slow twitch fibers and aerobic (good for endurance) Type II - fast twitch and anaerobic (good for power) A muscle produces different types of contractions Concentric - muscle shortens to produce movement Eccentric - muscle lengthens to allow movement Isometric - the joint angle and muscle length do not change during movement Muscle mechanics for the major joints and muscle groups are an important concept for the personal trainer to know.

8 Muscle mechanics look at joint action, joint makeup, muscle involvement, and the associated relationships between various muscle groups in the body. Some muscles will cross one or more joints. For example, the hamstrings are a two-joint muscle that crosses both the knee and the hipMuscles are classified according to what they do during a movement. A high development of agonist-antagonist function is necessary for a well-aligned Responsibility of Muscle TypeExampleAgonist Main muscle responsible for movement; prime moverBiceps brachii during bicep curlAssistantMuscle that plays a secondary role in movementShoulders during a chest pressAntagonistMuscle with an action directly opposite of the agonistTriceps during elbow flexion of biceps curlThere are different types of movement.

9 Sustained force movement is where continuous muscle contractions occur in order to keep moving a weight Dynamic balance movement is where constant agonist-antagonist muscle contractions occur in order to maintain a certain position or posture Ballistic movement is where inertial movement exists after an explosive or quick, maximum-force contraction; here is pre-tensing of the muscle in the eccentric contraction so the muscle can contract concentrically with maximum speed and quickness Guided movement occurs when both the agonist and the antagonist contract to control the ONEDOMAIN ONE / Basic AND Applied SCIENCESR eceptors in the joints, muscles, and tendons help you know where your body is in space.

10 This is called kinesthesis. Golgi tendon organs are one of the receptors in kinesthesis, they re located at the junction of muscle and tendon and respond to mechanical stress such as pressure. Golgi tendon organs are located in the tendons and sense excessive stretch to protect the muscle. Muscle spindles are sensory receptors within the belly of a muscle that primarily detect changes in the length of this muscle. Muscles responsible for fine movements contain more muscle spindles than do muscles responsible for gross OF BIOMECHANICS Biomechanics is the specific study of movement and includes key concepts like: Stability - the ability to maintain a balanced state Force - interaction that creates work, action, or physical change.