DOMAIN TWO Assessments

1 DOMAIN TWO. Assessments EXAM WEIGHT 17% / CHAPTERS REFERENCED 13. DOMAIN TWO. Assessments An assessment, by theory, should represent the starting point for a client working with a fitness trainer. This allows you to create a customized client program for fitness and nutrition. It also helps the client see their starting level and how it relates to overall health. In practice, however, the assessment is often the very first time a client is meeting with a trainer, especially in fitness facilities that offer the assessment as a free perk to membership and part of an orientation. In any case, the assessment is the best time to get all necessary information from your client, including medical clearance from a physician and parameters the fitness program should work within. It's within the scope of practice as a personal trainer and is the basis for creating individualized programs. OBJECTIVE Assessments Objective Assessments are measurable and provide data for the fitness professional to make outcome-ori- ented programs.

2 Common objective Assessments include biometric data (measurements of the body) and performance Assessments . BIOMETRIC DATA Resting heart rate (RHR) is the number of times the heart beats per minute. A conditioned client will score less than 60 BPM. Knowing a client's heart rate at the assessment point and during ongoing training is one of the best ways to determine the time in between sets for adequate rest. BMR (basal metabolic rate) is the minimum level of energy needed to maintain vital function whereas the resting metabolic rate (RMR) is similar but is more available to trainers because it doesn't require extreme conditions to measure. The client is simply awake but at rest. BMI (body mass index) calculation describes relative weight by height. Although it's quick and easy, it isn't the best assessment for clients with high lean body mass, such as bodybuilders. They will have an inflated number. The following are standards of BMI: < = Underweight = Normal 25 = Overweight 30 = Obesity Class I.

3 35 = Obesity Class II. >40 = Extreme Obesity DOMAIN TWO / Assessments DOMAIN TWO. Exercise activity is the energy used to perform purposeful exercise and is highly variable. For sedentary clients, it only makes up about 10 15% of their daily energy demand. Whereas a highly active client can be closer to 30%. Body composition testing is the determination of fat and lean components of the human body through various methods. Some ways to determine body composition through testing include DEXA, skinfold testing, bioelectrical impedance, and hydrostatic weighing. Skinfold testing, through use of skinfold calipers, is most common in the fitness industry because it's inexpensive, portable, and appropriate in lab and field settings. Total classifications of body fat are essential fat (required for living) and storage fat (accumulation of adipose tissue beneath the skin). For optimal health and fitness, acceptable body fat ranges are: 10 - 14% for males 14 18% for females Classification of body types: Mesomorphic, which is muscular Ectomorphic, which is slim and linear Endomorphic, which is round Blood pressure is the force exerted by the blood against the inner walls of the blood vessels.

4 Systolic pressure is the maximum arterial pressure occurring during the contraction of the left ventricle. Diastolic pressure is the pressure exerted on the walls of the blood vessels during the refilling of the heart. Blood pressure levels: Category Systolic (MM HG) Diastolic Optimal Less than 120 Less than 80. Normal Less than 130 Less than 85. High Normal 130-139. Hypertension Stage 1 140-159 90-99. Stage 2 160-179 100-109. Stage 3 180 or Higher 110 or Higher ADAPTED FROM THE HEART AND STROKE GUIDE . DOMAIN TWO / Assessments DOMAIN TWO. Postural deviations (musculoskeletal deviations) can result in poor muscle balance, poor flexibility, improper spinal alignment, and injury predisposition. A few static postural deviations reviewed in the fitness community: Lordosis is also referred to as sway back and can result from tight hip flexors and spinal erectors Kyphosis is characterized by rounded upper back and results from tight internal obliques, shoulder adductors, intercostals Flat back can result from tight upper abdominals and hip extensors PERFORMANCE Assessments Performance Assessments should be used when they're specific to a client's performance or outcome goals.

5 Common cardiovascular Assessments 12-minute Run-Walk Test is when the client covers as much of a distance as possible in 12 minutes. This would be an ideal assessment to use with a client wanting to train for a marathon. In instances where clients have joint pain or other conditions, a 12-minute swimming test can also be used as a way to measure cardiovascular endurance . Regardless of age, performing less than miles on the 12-minute-Run-Walk test results in a poor rating. A 3-minute step test is ideal for visually impaired clients (along with a bicycle ergometer). muscular strength tests: Always consider the clients posture, range of motion, and starting position when conducting strength tests. A one rep max (1RM) is an assessment to use, typically with intermediate to advanced clients, and helps determine starting strength and intensity levels for program design. You should know the number of reps and the percentage of maximum effort outlined in this chart.

6 DOMAIN TWO / Assessments DOMAIN TWO. Estimating Your One Repetition Maximum Number of 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10. Reps % Maximum 90. 75. A bench press is the standard exercise to use for assessing upper body 1RM. A squat is the standard exercise to use for assessing lower body 1RM, as in the example where a client wants to increase their squat strength. muscular endurance Assessments : Pushups are used for upper body muscular endurance Assessments Range of motion (ROM) testing (through the use of a goniometer) is to determine the exact measurement of angles around a joint. Passive ROM testing is where an assistant takes the joint through a range of motion and is for when a participant has difficulty completing a motion because of lack of strength and coordination. Sometimes a client's physician will recommend a Graded Exercise Test (GXT or exercise stress test). before beginning the exercise program. Similarly, the fitness trainer can recommend a GXT in instances where it's deemed a risk to begin exercising.

7 One example might include meeting a hypertensive 40-year-old client who also has a family history of heart conditions, or any client with CHD. Especially if they'll be training at a 60 80% intensity level. Intensity Assessments can be used during your training sessions with clients as a way to gauge how hard they're working and if you should be providing them with modifications. Ways you can assess the intensity of the exercise your client is performing is through: Target heart rate (THR). Ratings of perceived exertion (RPE is most commonly used and allows the client to continue exercising without stopping). Metabolic equivalent units (METs). Daily workout journals are a great and readily accessible way for trainers to monitor client progress and continue to help grainers make informed programming decisions DOMAIN TWO / Assessments DOMAIN TWO. Other Assessments Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire (PAR-Q). Lifestyle Questionnaire The 3-day dietary record to review strengths and mistakes, including insights and behaviors in the client's nutrition DOMAIN TWO / Assessments