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1 ECAC-CR-83-200 Cy. :DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSEQ Electromagnetic Compatibility Analysis CenterAnnapolis, Maryland 21402 FIELD ANTENNA HANDBOOK Pieparad forJoint Chiefs of StaffJUNE 1984 CONSULTING REPORTP repared byJames A. KuchtiT Research histitutetinder Contract toDepartment of DefenseApproved for public release; distribution LIBRARYYou are persoiw, IU Fc'-oat~ tot thisbook. O0 NO1 tianster this boua to anoL,4 -5 08 'person without permission ol the fibrary v " ; ,, -' "- -.'--- , , '"- -= ; " - -' "%ECAC-CR-83-200 This report was prepared by the IXT Research Institute as part of AFProject 649E under Contract F-19628-80-C-0042 with the Electronic SystemsDiVision of the Air Force Systems Command in support of the DoDElectromagnetic Compatibility Analysis Center, Annapolis, report has been reviewed and cleared for open publication and/orpublic release by the appropriate Office of Information (01)

2 In accordancewith AFR 190-17 and DoDD There is no objection to unlimiteddistribution of this report to the public at large, or by DTIC to the NationalTechnical Information Service (NTIS)." /- e, !eviewed by-JAIES L. SMALLP roject Manager, IITRI Director of ResearchContractor OperationsApproved byCHlARLES L. FLYNN, CoIe ,oSAF 3. , USMCDD irector Marine Corps Deputy DirectorSnWIC[Aiss!iNSECURITY CLASS'FICATION OF THIS PAGE .n Da* Ente.,.ed)REPORT DOCUMENTTIONINSTRUCTIONSREPORT__ DOCUMENTATIONPAGE_ BEFORE COMPLETING FORMI. REPORT NUMSER -i. GOVT ACCESSION NO: I. RECIPIENT'S CATALOG NUMBERECAC-CR-83-2004.]

3 TITLE (and Subtitle) S. TYPE OF REPORT II PERIOD COVEREDFIELD ANTr-NNA XMDIOOK CONSULTINGG. PERFORMING ORG. REPORT NUMBER7. AUTMO'(s) S. CONTRACT OR GRANT NUNMER(*)r *Jamias A. Kucb F-19628-80-C-0042I! _CDRL # lOPI,. PERFORkmIOAG C'.AHIZATION NAMF 'NO ADDRESS 10. PROGRAM ELEMENT. PROJECT, TASKDolt) E.!ctromanetJc Compatibility Analysis Center AREA 6 WORK UNIT NUMBERSN orth Severn P0553 Annapolis, D 214U211. CCNTROLLING OFFICE NAME AND AODRESS 12. REPORT DATEJUNE 1984 Joint Chiefs of Staff IS. NUNSER OF PAGES98A4. MONITORING AGENCY NAME I ADORESS(i1 different 1,- Cont o 4in Office) it.

4 SECURITY CLASS. (of this tepot)|$e DE tA$$IFWCA|N/OOWNG tADIN G%CwEDULE1S. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (of thie Report)Approved for public release; distribution DIST RISUTION STATEMENT (.1 &.ettct .e*.ed in Block 20. Ii di t Report)II. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES13 KEY WORDS (CoAItimm an to~** aOd. It o%** 14it Ay blok kMi&ANTENNASHIGH FREQUENCYPROPAGATIONVERY HIGH FREQUNCY10 ASSTRACT (C~tinua .t N aide If A4ceseeld ttqr by StackThis handbook presents basic propagation theory, the fundamentalsconcerning antennas, and the design and use of tactical hiqh frequency andvery high fvtquency antennas.))

5 It is a field reference for basic antenna facts* and a usage guide for JAO t 1413 9 OiTIOM OF I NOV &S IS OBSOLETESECURITY CLASIIFICATION Of ThIS PAGE (Ifto DOata Eatek'd).. -.., .-, .-, i. ".y- ~ .. r:..- -. - TABLE OF CONTENTST itle PageINTRODUCTION ..SECTTJN IHF AND VHF PROPAGATION FUNDAMENTALSHIGH FREQUENCY COMMUNICATIONS (2 TO 30 MHz).. 3"Ground-Wave Propagation 3 Sky-Wave Propagation .. 4 VERY HIGH FREQUENCY COMMUNICATIONS (30 TO 88 MHz) .. 8 SECTION IIANTENNA FUNDAMENTALS* WAVELENGTH AND FREQUENCY .. 11"RESONANCE ..* * * 9**..* ..* 13 REFLECTIONS ..13, -GAIN15 STAKE-OFF ANGLE.

6 S*. 15ij' PATTERNS ..16*i SECTION IIIHF ANTENNAS* GENERAL .. 21*- DETERMINING ANTENNA GAIN .. 24"ANTENNA SELECTION PROCEDURE .. Procedures .. 25"Example .. 25, AS-2259/AS-2263 .. 27 TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)SECTION III (Continued)Title PageOE-85/OE-86 .. 29* VERTICAL WHIP .. 31S~HALF-wAVE .. 35 INVERTED VEE .. 41,* LONG WIRE .. 76, SLOPING VEE .. 49i3 SLOPING WIRE ..52* VERTICAL HALF .. 7 SECTION IVE DVHF ANTENNASGEPAIER O RKAL .N .. 69RC-292 .. 66OE-254 .. 8AS-2236 ..* .. 72 VERTICAL HALF RLHOMBICiOE-303 .. 75 SECTION VEXPEDIENT TECHNIQUESREPAIR OF BROKEN ANTENNAS.

7 79 INSULATORS ..80 SUPPORTS .. 80 TERM NATIG RE IST RS ..t .. OF CONTENTS (Continued)-. SECTION V (Continued)Title PageE~. XPEDI ENT WIRE ..82,..GROUNDING ..SECTION VI" FOR MORE Information .. 85V/via,'INTRODUCTION"Of all the variables affecting communications, the onefactor that the individual o-erator has the most control over isthe antenna and its use. By using the proper antenna, anop -ator may change a marginal circuit into a reliable handbook presents basic propagation theory, the fundamentals* of antennas, and the design and use of tactical high frequencyand very high frequency antennas.

8 A working knowledge of this"handbook will allow the operator to properly select and employindividual antennas to provide the strongest possible signal atthe receiving station of his circuit. This handbook is notintended to be a Technical handbook on antennas, but is intendedto be a field reference for basic antenna facts and a usage guidefor I and II present Information which should beunuerstood by radio operators, however, this handbook can be usedwithout thorough knowledge of those sections. Section IIAcontains HF antenna selection procedures and describes the morecommon tactical HF antennas.

9 Section IV does the same for VHFantennas. Section V presents info>rmation on making antennasusing field available materials. Section VI lists publicationsavailable from the different services that give detailedinformation on piopagation and IHF AND VHF PROPAGATION FUNDAMENTALSP ropagation is the process by which a radio signal travelsthrough the atmosphere from one antenna to another. This sectionbriefly describes the propagation factors that need to be knownto better understand the antenna Information presented in thefollowing sections. This section is divided into two majorparts, high frequency (HF) propagation and very high frequency(VHF) propagation.

10 Each part can stand alone so that the radiooperator interested in only HF or VHF communications can godirectly to that FREQUENCY COMMUNICATIONS (2 TO 30 MHz)High frequency communications is accomplished by eitherground-wave or sky-wave propagation. With current low-poweredman-pack radios, ground-wave communications can be establishedout to 20 to 30 kilometers (kin). High powered equipment (mountedin jeeps and vans) can extend that range to approximately 80 to100 km. The coverage from sky-wave communications, on the otherhand, can vary from several kilometers to thousands PropagationGround-wave propagation involves the transmission of a radiosignal along or near the surface of the earth.