Ecosystems Human Well-being - WRI

1 Ecosystems andHuman Well-being Millennium Ecosystem AssessmentMillenniumEcosystem AssessmentEcosystems and Human Well-beingThe Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA) is an international process de-signed to meet the needs of decision-makers and the public for scientific infor-mation concerning the consequences of ecosystem change for Human Well-being ,and to analyze options available to enhance the conservation of Ecosystems andtheir contributions to meeting Human needs. Leading scientists from more than nations are conducting the assessment through working groups chaired bymembers of the Millennium Assessment Panel, with oversight by a Board com-prised of representatives of international conventions, United Nations agencies,scientific organizations,and leaders from the pri-vate sector, civil society,and indigenous MA was launched byUN Secretary-GeneralKofiAnnan in June.

2 The full assessment re-ports will be released in .Island Press Island Press books are printed on recycled paper Millennium Assessment Panel - Harold MooneyAngela Cropper Doris CapistranoStephen Carpenter Kanchan ChopraPartha DasguptaRashid HassanRik LeemansSir Robert MayRobert Scholes Prabhu PingaliCristian Samper Zhao ShidongIsland Press9781559 634038 90000 ISBN , 12:38 PM1 About Island PressIsland Press is the only nonprofit organization in the United States whose princi-pal purpose is the publication of books on environmental issues and natural re-source management. We provide solutions-oriented information to professionals,public officials, business and community leaders, and concerned citizens who areshaping responses to environmental 2003, Island Press celebrates its nineteenth anniversary as the leading pro-vider of timely and practical books that take a multidisciplinary approach to criti-cal environmental concerns.

3 Our growing list of titles reflects our commitment tobringing the best of an expanding body of literature to the environmental com-munity throughout North America and the for Island Press is provided by The Nathan Cummings Foundation,Geraldine R. Dodge Foundation, Doris Duke Charitable Foundation, EducationalFoundation of America, The Charles Engelhard Foundation, The Ford Founda-tion, The George Gund Foundation, The Vira I. Heinz Endowment, The Williamand Flora Hewlett Foundation, Henry Luce Foundation, The John D. and CatherineT. MacArthur Foundation, The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, The Moriah Fund,The Curtis and Edith Munson Foundation, National Fish and Wildlife Founda-tion, The New-Land Foundation, Oak Foundation, The Overbrook Foundation,The David and Lucile Packard Foundation, The Pew Charitable Trusts, TheRockefeller Foundation, The Winslow Foundation, and other generous opinions expressed in this book are those of the author(s) and do notnecessarily reflect the views of these , 12:38 PM2 Ecosystems and Human Well-beingA Report of the Conceptual Framework Working Groupof the Millennium Ecosystem , 12:38 PM3 Millennium Ecosystem Assessment BoardThe MA Board represents the users of the findings of the MA T.

4 Watson, World Zakri, United Nations UniversityInstitutional RepresentativesDelmar Blasco, Ramsar Convention on WetlandsPeter Bridgewater, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural OrganizationPhilbert Brown, Convention to Combat DesertificationHama Arba Diallo, Convention to Combat DesertificationMax Finlayson, Ramsar Convention on WetlandsColin Galbraith, Convention on Migratory SpeciesRichard Helmer, World Health OrganizationYolanda Kakabadse, World Conservation UnionArnulf M ller-Helmbrecht, Convention on Migratory SpeciesAlfred Oteng-Yeboah, Convention on Biological DiversitySeema Paul, United Nations FoundationMario Ramos, Global Environment FacilityThomas Rosswall, International Council for ScienceDennis Tirpak, Framework Convention on Climate ChangeKlaus T pfer, United Nations Environment ProgrammeJeff Tschirley, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United NationsAlvaro Uma a, United Nations Development ProgrammeMeryl Williams, Consultative Group on International Agricultural ResearchHamdallah Zedan, Convention on Biological DiversityAt-large MembersFernando AlmeidaPhoebe BarnardGordana BeltramAntony BurgmansEsther CamacAngela CropperPartha DasguptaJos Mar a FigueresFred FortierMohammed HassanYoriko KawaguchiCorinne LepageJonathan LashWangari MaathaiPaul MaroHal MooneyMarina PrasadWalter V.

5 ReidHenry SchachtPeter Johan ScheiMillennium Ecosystem Assessment SecretariatThe United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) coordinates the Millennium Eco-system Assessment Secretariat, which is based at the following partner institutions:Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), ItalyInstitute of Economic Growth, IndiaMeridian Institute, USAN ational Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), NetherlandsScientific Committee on Problems of the Environment (SCOPE), FranceUNEP-World Conservation Monitoring Centre, United KingdomUniversity of Pretoria, South AfricaUniversity of Wisconsin, USAW orld Resources Institute (WRI), USAW orldFish Center, MalaysiaIsmail SerageldinDavid SwaminathanJos TundisiAxel WenbladXu GuanhuaMuhammad , 12:38 PM4 Ecosystems and Human Well-being :A Framework for AssessmentWashington Covelo LondonContributing AuthorsElena M.

6 BennettReinette (Oonsie) BiggsPoh-Sze ChooJonathan FoleyPushpam KumarMarcus J. LeeRichard H. MossGerhard Petschel-HeldSarah PorterStephen H. SchneiderAssessment Panel ChairsAngela CropperHarold A. MooneyMA DirectorWalter V. ReidEditorial Board ChairsJos Sarukh nAnne WhyteChapter Review EditorsGilberto GallopinRoger KaspersonMohan MunasingheL on Oliv Christine PadochJeffrey RommHebe VessuriAuthorsRashid HassanEric F. LambinLouis LebelRik LeemansLiu JiyuanJean-Paul MalingreauRobert M. MayAlex F. McCallaTony ( ) McMichaelBedrich MoldanHarold MooneyShahid NaeemGerald C. NelsonNiu Wen-YuanIan NobleOuyang ZhiyunStefano PagiolaDaniel PaulySteve PercyPrabhu PingaliRobert Prescott-AllenWalter V. ReidTaylor H. RickettsCristian SamperRobert (Bob) ScholesHenk SimonsFerenc L.

7 TothJane K. TurpieRobert Tony WatsonThomas J. WilbanksMeryl WilliamsStanley WoodZhao ShidongMonika B. ZurekJoseph AlcamoNeville J. AshColin D. ButlerJ. Baird CallicottDoris CapistranoStephen R. CarpenterJuan Carlos CastillaRobert ChambersKanchan ChopraAngela CropperGretchen C. DailyPartha DasguptaRudolf de GrootThomas DietzAnantha Kumar DuraiappahMadhav GadgilKirk , 12:38 PM5 Copyright 2003 World Resources InstituteAll rights reserved under international and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. No partof this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means without permission in writingfrom the publisher: Island Press, 1718 Connecticut Avenue, , Suite 300, Washington,DC PRESS is a trademark of The Center for Resource of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataEcosystems and Human Well-being : a framework for assessment /Millennium Ecosystem Assessment ; authors, Joseph Alcamo [et al.]

8 ] ;contributing authors, Elena M. Bennett [et al.].p. cm. The first product of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA), afour-year international work program designed to meet the needs ofdecision-makers for scientific information on the links betweenecosystem change and Human Well-being bibliographical references and 1-55963-402-2 (cloth : alk. paper) ISBN 1-55963-403-0 (pbk. : alk. paper)1. Human ecology. 2. Ecosystem management. I. Alcamo, Joseph. , Elena M. III. Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (Program) dc21 2003011612 British Cataloguing-in-Publication Data availablePrinted on recycled, acid-free paperManufactured in the United States of America09 08 07 06 05 04 03 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 , 11:12 AM6 The Board of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment dedicates thisreport to the memory of Angela Cropper s husband, mother, and sister:John Cropper, Maggie Lee and Lynette their lives and work they embodied the spirit and intent of theMillennium Ecosystem Assessment by their love of the natural worldand their concern to improve the lives of , 12:38 PM7 Table of ContentsPrefacexAcknowledgmentsxiiiSumma ry1 Chapter 1.

9 Introduction and Conceptual Framework26 Introduction26 Overview of Conceptual Framework34 The Multiscale Approach43 Types of Knowledge Assessed44 Minimizing Structural Biases45 Use in Decision-making47 Chapter 2. Ecosystems and Their Services49 Introduction49 Ecosystems Boundaries and Categories50 Ecosystem Services53 Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services60 Ecosystem Condition and Sustainable Use62 Chapter 3. Ecosystems and Human Well-being71 Introduction72 Key Components of Human Well-being73 Linkages between Ecosystem Services and Human Well-being76 Substitutability and Well-being79 Balancing Priorities: Present Versus Future81 Institutions and Freedoms82 Conclusion83 Chapter 4. Drivers of Change in Ecosystems and Their Services85 Introduction86 Previous Approaches on the Factors of Change88 Drivers: An Overview90 The Decision-maker within the Ecosystem91 Ecosystem Consequences of Decisions Outside an Ecosystem94 Drivers of Ecosystem Change96 Interactions among , 12:38 PM8 Chapter 5.

10 Dealing with Scale107 Introduction108 Why Scale Matters110 Changing Scales112 Space and Time Domains114 Inertia in Human and Ecological Systems117 Viewing a Particular Scale in Context118 Scales in Ecological and Human Systems119 Scale and Policy122 Guidance for Multiscale Assessments124 Chapter 6. Concepts of Ecosystem Value and Valuation Approaches127 Introduction128 The Utilitarian Approach and Economic Valuation Methods130 Non-utilitarian Value139 Conclusion147 Chapter 7. Analytical Approaches148 Introduction149 Data152 Units of Analysis and Reporting159 Modeling Issues162 Scenario Analysis166 Overarching Issues173 Conclusion177 Chapter 8. Strategic Interventions, Response Options, and Decision-making178 Introduction179 Decision-making Processes180 Response Options and Strategic Interventions183 Usable Knowledge187 Dealing with Risk and Uncertainty193 Decision Analytical Frameworks and Tools195 Appendix 1.