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EDUCATION IN CHINA - OECD.org

EDUCATION IN CHINAA SnapshotThis work is published under the responsibility of the Secretary-General of the OECD. The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of OECD member document and any map included herein are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or credits:Cover: EQRoy / ; ; astudio / : ; li jianbing / ; tangxn / ; chuyuss / ; astudio / ; Frame CHINA / OECD 2016 You can copy, download or print OECD content for your own use, and you can include excerpts from OECD publications, databases and multimedia products in your own documents, presentations, blogs, websites and teaching materials, provided that suitable acknowledgement of OECD as source and copyright owner is given.

and reviewed by Sophie Vayssettes and Elizabeth Fordham, from the OECD Secretariat. Yang Cancan, from the Department of International Cooperation and Exchanges in the Chinese Ministry of Education

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Transcription of EDUCATION IN CHINA - OECD.org

1 EDUCATION IN CHINAA SnapshotThis work is published under the responsibility of the Secretary-General of the OECD. The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of OECD member document and any map included herein are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or credits:Cover: EQRoy / ; ; astudio / : ; li jianbing / ; tangxn / ; chuyuss / ; astudio / ; Frame CHINA / OECD 2016 You can copy, download or print OECD content for your own use, and you can include excerpts from OECD publications, databases and multimedia products in your own documents, presentations, blogs, websites and teaching materials, provided that suitable acknowledgement of OECD as source and copyright owner is given.

2 All requests for public or commercial use and translation rights should be submitted to Requests for permission to photocopy portions of this material for public or commercial use shall be addressed directly to the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) at or the Centre fran ais d exploitation du droit de copie (CFC) at in ChinaA SNAPSHOTEDUCATION IN CHINA : A SNAPSHOT OECD 2016 3 In 2015, three economies in CHINA participated in the OECD Programme for International Student Assessment, or PISA, for the first time: Beijing, a municipality, Jiangsu, a province on the eastern coast of the country, and Guangdong, a southern coastal province. Shanghai, which, like Beijing, is also a Chinese megacity of over 20 million people, has participated in PISA since 2009. These four economies alone are home to more than 233 million people more than the entire population of Brazil, nearly three times the population of Germany and nearly four times the population of France.

3 What do we know about the largest EDUCATION system in the world? A system that is educating 260 million young people, and that employs 15 million teachers? Not very much. This paper aims to change that. It provides a broad overview of how CHINA s EDUCATION system is organised and operates, and how reforms, both past and current, have reshaped EDUCATION in CHINA over time. The report then examines in greater detail EDUCATION in the four economies within CHINA that participated in PISA 2015. It provides the context in which CHINA s participation in PISA and its results in PISA should be report was drafted by Yuanyuan Pan, during her internship and consultancy at the OECD, and was completed and reviewed by Sophie Vayssettes and Elizabeth Fordham, from the OECD Secretariat. Yang Cancan, from the Department of International Cooperation and Exchanges in the Chinese Ministry of EDUCATION , co-ordinated the review of the report within the Ministry.

4 The report was also reviewed by an external expert, Kai-ming Cheng, Emeritus Professor at the University of Hong Kong. Sakshi Mishra provided analytical support, and Yi Zhou was responsible for data checking and iconographic research. Sophie Limoges co-ordinated the publication process, Marissa Col n-Margolies edited the report, and Sara Gouveia provided administrative 1 ORGANISATION AND MANAGEMENT OF EDUCATION IN CHINA 7 Introduction 8 CHINA s EDUCATION system 9 Teachers and teaching 17 Student affairs 22 Curriculum

5 23 References 25 Chapter 2 EDUCATIONAL REFORMS AND CURRENT ISSUES 27 Introduction 28 Narrowing the rural-urban gap and regional differences in EDUCATION 28 Reforming curriculum at all levels and focusing more on creativity 30 Reducing the role of standardised testing and reforming the gaokao 31 Strengthening educational inspection 33 References 34 Chapter 3 BEIJING 35 Introduction 36 Alleviating academic burdens for elementary school students 38 Overcoming inequality 39 Improving the quality of EDUCATION 39 References 40 Chapter 4 SHANGHAI 41 Introduction

6 42 Pioneer in examination reform 42 Enhancing equity and inclusion 43 References 44 Chapter 5 JIANGSU 45 Introduction 46A leader in pre-school and equitable development 464 EDUCATION IN CHINA : A SNAPSHOT OECD 2016 Table of contentsRedistributing resources and expanding access for migrants 47 Providing a well balanced curriculum 49 Note 49 References 49 Chapter 6 GUANGDONG 51 Introduction 52 Increasing investment and building partnerships

7 53 Spurring EDUCATION development in Shenzhen 54 References 55 AnnexesAnnex A The responsibilities of the Ministry of EDUCATION 58 Annex B List of the Ministry of EDUCATION s departments with functions 60 BoxesBox 1 1 Participation in PISA 8 Box 1 2 Administrative divisions in CHINA 9 Box 1 3 Government efforts to reform pre-school EDUCATION 11 Box 1 4 Where are the 15-year-olds?

8 11 Box 1 5 Admission to higher EDUCATION 12 Box 1 6 EDUCATION funding 16 Box 1 7 Educational investments in compulsory EDUCATION in rural areas 17 Box 1 8 Basic EDUCATION Curriculum Reform 23 Box 2 1 Special policies for teachers in rural areas 29 Box 2 2 The hukou system 29 Box 6 1 Languages in CHINA 52 EDUCATION IN CHINA .

9 A SNAPSHOT OECD 2016 5 TablesTable 1 1 The content of qualification examination in different types of EDUCATION 19 Table 1 2 Professional titles with requirements 21 Table 3 1 Student-teacher ratio ranked by teacher level 37 Table 6 1 Basic statistics for Shenzhen and Hong Kong 54 FiguresFigure 1 1 CHINA s EDUCATION system organisation 10 Figure 1 2 Total EDUCATION funds and government appropriations for EDUCATION (2005-2014) 15 Figure 1 3 Government appropriations for EDUCATION as % of GDP (2005-2014) 15 Figure 1 4 Share of expenditure on EDUCATION by source of funding (2014) 16 Figure 1 5 Teachers types at different levels 18 Figure 3 1 Personnel engaged in science and technology activities in Beijing (2005-2014) 36 Figure 3 2 Government appropriated budgetary funds for EDUCATION per student in regular primary school, regular junior secondary school and regular senior secondary school (2013)

10 37 Figure 5 1 Per capita income of urban and rural residents by region (2014) 476 EDUCATION IN CHINA : A SNAPSHOT OECD 2016 EDUCATION IN CHINA : A SNAPSHOT OECD 2016 7 Chapter 1 Organisation and management of EDUCATION in China8 EDUCATION IN CHINA : A SNAPSHOT OECD 2016 IntroductionThe People s Republic of CHINA (hereafter CHINA ) is the world s most populous country, with a population of over billion, covering approximately million square kilometres. Since the implementation of economic reform and opening policies in 1978, CHINA has become one of the world s fastest-growing major economies. With the GDP growth rate averaging between 7% and 8% a year in recent decades, CHINA has become the world s second largest economy by nominal total GDP (World Bank, 2015).


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