EMISION STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS. …

1 Part-financed by the European Union (European Regional Development FundPlasTEP training course and Summer school 2011 Warsaw / SzczecinSaulius Vasarevicius, VGTUEMISION STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTV alid EU directives Directive 96/62/EB Due to ambient air quality evaluation and management 1996 september 27 d. Directive 1999/30/EB Due to sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, Nitrogen oxides, particulate matter, and lead limit values in ambient air 1999 april 22 d. Directive 2000/69/EB Due to benzene and carbon monoxide Limit values in ambient air 2000 nowember 16 d. Directive 2002/3/EB Due to ozone in ambient air 2002 february 12 d. Directive 2004/107/EB Due to arsenic, cadmium, mercury, nickeland policyclic aromatic compounds in ambient air 2004 december 15 : pollution from large combustion plants(november 11, 2001)This directive applies to combustion plants (technical apparates in which fuels are oxidised in order to use the heat thus generated) with a rated thermal inputequal to or greater than 50 MW, irrespective of type of fuel usedTo reduce the annual emissions of SO2, NOx, from existing plants and to lay down limit values for SO2 , NOx and PM in the case of new plants3 PlasTEPSO2 NOxVOCNH3 Europeanunion (15 countries)3 85065196 510 3 110 France3758101050780 Germany5201051995550UK58511671200297 Spain746847662353 National emissions ceilings to reach in 2010 (in kilotonnes)4 PlasTEP APPLICATIONS:Municipal Waste Incineration Plants / Industrial Waste Incineration Plants / Hospital Waste Incineration Plants / plants and combustion industrial processes Regulations and STANDARDS .)

2 Urban and national levels Planning for protection of urban and regional air quality Continuous emission monitoring system (CEMS) : Measurement at the stack (pollution control) Measurement at upstream (process control) Polluter s pay principal for emission (tax according to weight of gas emitted)HOW TO LIMIT EMISSIONS ?5 PlasTEPU rban waste (municipal)Cement plant incinerating industrial waste-Dedicated Industrial waste-Chemical plant using its own incinerators -Hospital wasteSludge (municipal, chemical, paper or waste water treatment plants) Various types of incinerators 6 PlasTEP Components 24h average in mg/m3 30 min. average in mg/m3 HCl 10 60 SO2 50 200 NOx expressed as NO2 1) 200 for existing plants > 6 ton/h or new plants 400 2) 400 for existing plants < 6 ton/h VOC 10 20 HF 1 4 Dust 10 30 CO Can be set by local authorities (50-100 mg/m3, daily average) All components expressed as dry mg/Nm3 at 11 % of O2 Note: Dioxins and Furans limit values are ng/m3( 6 hour average), not to be exceeded in the twice-yearly measurements Regulations & Standard.

3 EU Emission RegulationIncineration Plants Emission Limit Values7 PlasTEPC ontrolled pollutants according to EU documents Particulate matter (KD10) Nitrogen dioxide(NO2) Sulphur dioxide (SO2) Carbon monoxide(CO) Ozone(O3) VOC (Benzene) Lead (Pb) Heavy metals (As, Cd, Hg, Ni) Polycyclic aromatic compounds (Benz(a)pyrene)8 PlasTEPP ollutantConcentrationAveraging periodLegal naturePermittedexceedenceseachyearFinear ticles( )25 g/m31 yearTarget value enters into force value enters into force dioxide (SO2)350 g/m31 hourLimit value enters into force g/m324 hoursLimit value enters into force dioxide (NO2)200 g/m31 hourLimit value enters into force g/m31 yearLimit value enters into force *Lead(Pb) g/m31 yearLimit value enters into force (or in the immediate vicinity of specific, notified industrial sources; and a g/m3 limit value applies from to monoxide(CO)10 mg/m3 Maximum daily 8hour meanLimit value enters into force g/m31 yearLimit value enters into force **Ozone120 g/m3 Maximum daily 8hour meanTarget value enters into force days averaged over 3 yearsArsenic (As)6 ng/m31 yearTarget value enters into force (Cd)5 ng/m31 yearTarget value enters into force (Ni))

4 20 ng/m31 yearTarget value enters into force Aromatic Hydrocarbons1 ng/m31 yearTarget value enters into force limitsQuality STANDARDS for ambient air durationlimittoleranceDeadline for compliance with the limitPhase 124hourlimit for the protection of human health24 hours50 g/m3which should not be exceeded more than 35 times per calendar year50% the entry into force of this Directive, decreasing from 1/1/2001 and then every 12 months at an annual rate equal to as much as 0% on 1/1/20051/1/2005 Annual limit value for the protection of human healthannual40 g/m320the entry into force of this Directive, decreasing from 1/1/2001 and then every 12 months at an annual rate equal to as much as 0% on 1/1/20051/1/2005 Phase224hourlimit for the protection of human health24 hours50 g/m3 which should not be exceeded more than 7 times per calendar yearWill be calculated based on data and is equivalent to the limit of Stage 11/1/2010 Annual limit value for the protection of human healthannual20 g/m350% the entry into force of this Directive, decreasing from 1/1/2001 and then every 12 months at an annual rate equal to as much as 0% on 1/1/20051/1/201010 PlasTEP11 Major Air Pollutants.

5 Problems Sulfur dioxide-acid rain, health damage, visibility reduction Nitrogen oxides-acid rain, eutrophication, growth of weedy species Carbon monoxide-inhibited respiration Leadand mercury-neurological damage Chlorofluorocarbons-ozone depletion Particulate matter-lung damage, cancer Volatile organic compounds (isoprenes, terpenes, methane, & benzene, chloroform, etc) oxidized to CO, CO2 in the atmosphere; carcinogens?11 PlasTEPE nergy and Air IssuesPlasTEP* Limited emissions from various sources, including biomass *NOXVOCsSO2N2 OCH4CO2 PARTICULATEMATTERTOXICSACID RAINSMOGCLIMATECHANGEHAZARDOUS AIRPOLLUTANTSE nergy Productionand UseEmissionsAtmosphericIssues12 The Hydroxyl Radical: Nature s Cleanser13 PlasTEPThe Appearance of Smog14 PlasTEPI mpacts of Smog: Temperature Inversion15 PlasTEP16 PlasTEP17 PlasTEP1818 PlasTEPLong range transport of pollutants1919 PlasTEPE ffects of Air Pollution Human health Plant pathology Visibility reduction Acid deposition2020 PlasTEPM ercury -What is it and where it comes from-Forms of Mercury -Elemental, Inorganic and Organic-Methylmercury -Sources of Mercury-Natural sources-Anthropogenic-Combustion-Manufac turing -Mining-Re-mobilizationEPA ( Environmental Protection Agency).

6 (1997). Mercury Study Report to Congress. Volume VI: An Ecological Assessment for Anthropogenic Mercury Emissions in the United States21 PlasTEPE xposure to Mercury-Environmental Effects-Ecosystems -aquatic-terrestrial-Bioaccumulation-Hea lth Effects-Consumption of fish-Dental amalgams-Spills, Products, Airborne Mercury-Minamata DiseaseEPA ( Environmental Protection Agency). (1997). Mercury Study Report to Congress. Volume VI: An Ecological Assessment for Anthropogenic Mercury Emissions in the United States22 PlasTEPAcid Rain and Trees23 PlasTEPF orests affected by Acid RainNortheast USNorthern EuropeAsia24 PlasTEPE cosystem damage caused by sulfur dioxideemissions and acid rain (destroyed forests near Sudbury, Ontario)2525 PlasTEPE ffects on Human Beings Increases in air pollution have been linked to decreases in lung function and increases in heart attacks. High levels of air pollution according to the Air Quality STANDARDS directly affect people with asthma and other types of lung or heart disease.

7 Long-term exposure to air pollution can cause cancer and long-term damage to the immune, neurological, reproductive, and respiratory systems. In extreme cases, it can even cause of publicationFEEMFEEM Probabilistic Long-term assessment of new energy technology scenarios in prepTyndallCIAS modelin prepvan Vuuren, et al., in new scenarios as a common thread for future climate researchin prepvan Ruijven et al., in potential impact from hydrogen energy use on the atmospherein prepEC, 2011 Roadmap for a low carbon economy by 2050 2011 IIASAG lobal Energy Assessment 2011 Greens/EFA, 2011 The Vision Scenario for the European Union 2011, Update for the EU-27 2011 EMEP-HTAP, 2011 Ozone & Aerosols - Chapter A3: Emissions & Projections2011 UNEP, 2011 UNEP BC assessment 2011 Shell, 2011 Shell Energy Scenarios to 2050 2011E3 MLabClean Technology Systems - various scenario2011"IPCC AR5"NIES/AIM, IIASA/MESSAGE, PNNL/MiniCAM, and PBL/IMAGE RCP scenarios2010 JRC, 2010 Climate and air quality impacts of combined climate change and air pollution policy scenarios2010 Greenpeace/EREC, 2010 Energy [R]evolution2010 ECF, 2010 Roadmap 2050: a practical guide to a prosperous low-carbon Europe2010 EREC, 2010RE-Thinking 2050 - A 100% Renewable Energy Vision for the European Union2010 IEA, 2010 Energy technology perspectives 2010 2010 Van Vuuren, et al.

8 , 2010aLow stabilization scenarios and implications for major world regions from an integrated assessment perspective2010van Vuuren,et al., 2010bExploring IMAGE model scenarios that keep greenhouse gas radiative forcing below 3W/m2 in 21002010EC- DGEN / IIASA, 2010 GAINS projections based on Primes 2009-baseline (EU energy trends to 2030 - Update 2009)2010EC- DGEN / IIASA, 2010 GAINS projections based on Primes 2010-reference (EU energy trends to 2030 - Update 2009)2010 EIA, 2010 EIA international energy outlook 20102010 IAEA, 2010 Energy, Electricity and Nuclear Power Estimates for the Period up to 20502010 TRLP olicies ro decarbonise transport in Europe: 80 by 502010 Fraunhofer - ISIA transport scenario for Europe until 2050 in a 2-degree world2010 Eurelectric, 2009 Power choices: pathways to carbon-neutral electricity in Europe by 20502009 Royal Society, 2009 Ground-level ozone in the 21st century: future trends, impacts and policy implications 2009 PBL/SRC/SU, 2009 Getting into the right lane for 2050 2009 Doering et al.

9 CIRCE emission scenarios2009 Rypdal, et al., 2009 Climate and air quality-driven scenarios of ozone and aerosol precursor abatement2009 Bollen, et al., 2009 Local air pollution and global climate change: A combined cost-benefit analysis2009 Selin et al., 2009 Global health and economic impacts of future ozone pollution2009 IEA, 2009 World energy outlook 2009 2009 Exxon/Mobil, 2009 Outlook for energy; A view to 20302009iTREN-2030 The iTREN-2030 Reference Scenario until 20302009 IEAT ransport, Energy and CO2 - BLUE Map/Shifts scenario2009 TRANS visionsTransport Scenarios with a 20 and 40 Year Horizon2009 World Bank, 2008 International Assessment of Agricultural Science and Technology for Development 2008US-CCSP, 2007 Scenarios of greenhouse gas emissions and atmospheric concentrations2007 Evaluation of available emission scenario 27 PlasTEPNew directive Due to ambient air quality and more pure air in Europe It was decided to replace one of five acts, when necessary -implementing measures in order to take into account the latest developments in health and education sectors and Member States' experiences and interests of clarity, simplicity and administrative efficiency:1996 m.

10 September 27 d. directive 96/62/EB due to ambient air quality evaluation and management, 1999 m. April 22 d. directive 1999/30/EB due to sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, nitrogen oxides, particulate matter and lead limit values in ambient air, 2000m. November 16 d. directive 2000/69/EB due to benzene and carbon monoxide ambient air limit values, 2002 m. February 12 d. directive 2002/3/EB due to ozone in ambient air, 1997 m. January 27 d. directive 97/101/EB, determinating net and separate stations measuring ambient air pollution in EU countries, mutual exchange of information and Establishment European Environmental Agency (EEA) and its Topic Centres A common European Environmental Information system (EIONET): Air Quality (and Emission) database through AIRBASE Presentation of data: Air Pollution Indicators & Urban Air Pollution Integrated Assessment of Air Pollution & Climate Change: the next steps29 PlasTEPI ntroduction: Development European Community LegislationAround 1975:EC establish an air pollution expert working group: Gathering urban air quality data (mostly SO2), main focus on QA/QC of measurement methods and site selection1979:Legal structure EoI (Exchange of Information) directive: Member states selects a representative number of measurement stations to EC, EC stores data and yearly report data80 s: Directives for SO2 and particles, Lead and NO21990.