Energy and Power Generation Handbook

1 Energy and Power Generation HandbookEstablished and Emerging TechnologiesEditorK. R. Rao 2011, ASME, 3 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA ( )All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the CoNtAINEd IN thIS work hAS bEEN obtAINEd bY thE AMErICAN SoCIEtY of MEChANICAl ENgINEErS froM SoUrCES bElIEvEd to bE rElIAblE.

2 HowEvEr, NEIthEr ASME Nor ItS AUthorS or EdItorS gUArANtEE thE ACCUrACY or CoMPlEtENESS of ANY INforMAtIoN PUblIShEd IN thIS work. NEIthEr ASME Nor ItS AUthorS ANd EdItorS ShAll bE rESPoNSIblE for ANY ErrorS, oMISSIoNS, or dAMAgES ArISINg oUt of thE USE of thIS INforMAtIoN. thE work IS PUblIShEd wIth thE UNdErStANdINg thAt ASME ANd ItS AUthorS ANd EdItorS ArE SUPPlYINg INforMAtIoN bUt ArE Not AttEMPtINg to rENdEr ENgINEErINg or othEr ProfESSIoNAl SErvICES. If SUCh ENgINEErINg or ProfESSIoNAl SErvICES ArE rEqUIrEd, thE ASSIStANCE of AN APProPrIAtE ProfESSIoNAl ShoUld bE shall not be responsible for statements or opinions advanced in papers or.

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4 For more information, contact Special Sales at of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataEnergy and Power Generation Handbook : established and emerging technologies / editor rao. p. bibliographical 978-0-7918-5955-1 1. Electric Power production handbooks, manuals, etc. I. rao, k. r., 1933 2011 21 dc22 2011009559 This Energy AND Power Generation Handbook is dedicated to:The late Dr. Baira Gowda, Pittsburgh, PA for introducing me to ASME, in the late 1980s;Dr. Robert Toll Norman and Dr.

5 Liane Ellison Norman, staunch supporters of the green Peace Movement and Clean Energy at Pittsburgh, PA, where I was in the 1970s and 1980s, in whom I saw firsthand what these movements symbolize;DEDICATIONMr. VRP Rao, Fellow-IE for encouraging in me interest in actually taking up of this project to cover Energy Generation sources other than nuclear, especially renewable Energy Generation , and finally;Victims and Site Staff of the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Plants at Japan devastated by the tohoku-taiheiyou-oki Earthquake and tsunami of March 11, 2011.

6 This publication is especially dedicated to these and other victims of Japan for the fortitude of Japan as a Nation, that shows national strength in their hour of an utterly tragic editor is indebted to several individuals who had directly or indirectly helped in coming up with this Handbook . My thanks are due to all of the 53 contributors whose dedi-cated efforts made this possible by their singular attention to detail, presentation of graphics, procuring the copyrights for the artwork and taking time to research the references to com-plement the write-up.

7 Even while they succinctly conveyed the wealth of information and knowledge they acquired during their professional career, they followed the guidelines provided for adhering to the page length. It was challenging to enlist 53 experts from around the world to address varied Power and Energy Generation topics. the edi-tor contacted professionals who knew the worldwide ensemble of Energy and Generation experts. Efforts were made not to miss any Power Generation sources, and this was largely facilitated by contacting over 100 practicing professionals and academia before settling down with 53 authors.

8 The formidable task of acquiring the correct authors took over six months and was am-ply it is difficult to chronicle everyone the editor contacted, worthy of particular mention are dr. gregory J. walker, University of tasmania, hobart, tasmania, Australia; Mr. v. r. P. rao f-IE, hyderabad, India; dr. hardayal Mehta of gE hitachi Nuclear En-ergy, San Jose, CA; Mr. richard bunce of Siemens Energy , Inc., orlando, fl; Mr. roger reedy of rEEdY Engineering, Inc., Cam-bell, CA; Ms. katherine knurek Martin, NASA glenn research Center, Cleveland, oh; Mr.

9 Clifford wells of Structural Integrity Associates, San Jose, CA; dr. bob Swindemann, oak ridge, tN; Mr. roger bedard formerly of EPrI; and dr. E. v. r. Sastry, os-mania University College of Engineering, hyderabad, publication was ably supported by the staff of ASME tech-nical Publishing. My appreciation and thanks to them for their co-operation. finally, all of this enduring effort, spread over 18 months, would have never been possible had it not been for the constant help and untiring zeal provided by my wife, dr.

10 Indira rao, that included all of the sundry-editorial chores associated with this project. CONTRIBUTOR BIOGRAPHIESAGRAWAL, RAVI ravi k. Agrawal is a Senior Process Man-ager at kbr. he is currently the process man-ager and work group leader for a 600-Mw kemper County IgCC Project (formerly Mis-sissippi gasification Project). he has over 25 years of experience in a wide variety of tech-nologies including gasification, syngas pro-duction, gas-to-liquids, coal-to-liquids, bio-mass conversion, bioethanol, carbon capture, acid gas removal, combustion, sour water treatment, and specialty chemicals.