Transcription of Energy Systems - IPCC
1 5117 Energy SystemsCoordinating Lead Authors:Thomas Bruckner (Germany), Igor Alexeyevich Bashmakov (Russian Federation), Yacob Mulugetta (Ethiopia / UK)Lead Authors:Helena Chum (Brazil / USA), Angel De la Vega Navarro (Mexico), James Edmonds (USA), Andre Faaij (Netherlands), Bundit Fungtammasan (Thailand), Amit Garg (India), Edgar Hertwich (Austria / Norway), Damon Honnery (Australia), David Infield (UK), Mikiko Kainuma (Japan), Smail Khennas (Algeria / UK), Suduk Kim (Republic of Korea), Hassan Bashir Nimir (Sudan), Keywan Riahi (Austria), Neil Strachan (UK), Ryan Wiser (USA), Xiliang Zhang (China)Contributing Authors:Yumiko Asayama (Japan), Giovanni Baiocchi (UK / Italy), Francesco Cherubini (Italy / Norway), Anna Czajkowska (Poland / UK), Naim Darghouth (USA), James J. Dooley (USA), Thomas Gibon (France / Norway), Haruna Gujba (Ethiopia / Nigeria), Ben Hoen (USA), David de Jager (Netherlands), Jessica Jewell (IIASA / USA), Susanne Kadner (Germany), Son H. Kim (USA), Peter Larsen (USA), Axel Michaelowa (Germany / Switzerland), Andrew Mills (USA), Kanako Morita (Japan), Karsten Neuhoff (Germany), Ariel Macaspac Hernandez (Philippines / Germany), H-Holger Rogner (Germany), Joseph Salvatore (UK), Steffen Schl mer (Germany), Kristin Seyboth (USA), Christoph von Stechow (Germany), Jigeesha Upadhyay (India) Review Editors:Kirit Parikh (India), Jim Skea (UK)Chapter Science Assistant:Ariel Macaspac Hernandez (Philippines / Germany)512512 Energy Systems7 Chapter 7 This chapter should be cited as:Bruckner T.
2 , I. A. Bashmakov, Y. Mulugetta, H. Chum, A. de la Vega Navarro, J. Edmonds, A. Faaij, B. Fungtammasan, A. Garg, E. Hertwich, D. Honnery, D. Infield, M. Kainuma, S. Khennas, S. Kim, H. B. Nimir, K. Riahi, N. Strachan, R. Wiser, and X. Zhang, 2014: Energy Systems . In: Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Edenhofer, O., R. Pichs-Madruga, Y. Sokona, E. Farahani, S. Kadner, K. Seyboth, A. Adler, I. Baum, S. Brunner, P. Eickemeier, B. Kriemann, J. Savolainen, S. Schl mer, C. von Stechow, T. Zwickel and Minx (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, Systems7 Chapter 7 ContentsExecutive Summary 4827 1 Introduction 5187 2 Energy production, conversion.
3 Transmission and distribution 5197 3 New developments in emission trends and drivers 5227 4 Resources and resource availability 5247 4 1 Fossil fuels 5247 4 2 Renewable Energy 5257 4 3 Nuclear Energy 5267 5 Mitigation technology options, practices and behavioral aspects 5277 5 1 Fossil fuel extraction, conversion.
4 And fuel switching 5277 5 2 Energy efficiency in transmission and distribution 5287 5 3 Renewable Energy technologies 5287 5 4 Nuclear Energy 5307 5 5 Carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS) 5327 6 Infrastructure and systemic perspectives 5347 6 1 Electrical power Systems System balancing flexible generation and loads.
5 Capacity adequacy .. Transmission and distribution .. 5357 6 2 Heating and cooling networks 5357 6 3 Fuel supply Systems 5367 6 4 CO2 transport 536514514 Energy Systems7 Chapter 77 7 Climate change feedback and interaction with adaptation 5377 8 Costs and potentials
6 5387 8 1 Potential emission reduction from mitigation measures 5387 8 2 Cost assessment of mitigation measures 5427 8 3 Economic potentials of mitigation measures 5437 9 Co-benefits, risks and spillovers 5447 9 1 Socio-economic effects 5447 9 2 Environmental and health effects 5467 9 3 Technical risks 5497 9 4 Public perception
7 5517 10 Barriers and opportunities 5517 10 1 Technical aspects 5517 10 2 Financial and investment barriers and opportunities 5527 10 3 Cultural, institutional, and legal barriers and opportunities 5527 10 4 Human capital capacity building 5537 10 5 Inertia in Energy Systems physical capital stock turnover 5537 11 Sectoral implication of transformation pathways and sustainable development 5547 11 1 Energy -related greenhouse gas emissions 5547 11 2 Energy supply in low-stabilization scenarios
8 5557 11 3 Role of the electricity sector in climate change mitigation 5597 11 4 Relationship between short-term action and long-term targets 562515515 Energy Systems7 Chapter 77 12 Sectoral policies 5647 12 1 Economic instruments 5657 12 2 Regulatory approaches 5677 12 3 Information programmes 5677 12 4 Government provision of public goods or services 5677 12 5 Voluntary actions 5687 13 Gaps in knowledge and data 5687 14 Frequently Asked Questions
9 568 References 570516516 Energy Systems7 Chapter 7 Executive SummaryThe Energy Systems chapter addresses issues related to the mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) from the Energy supply sector The Energy supply sector, as defined in this report, comprises all Energy extraction, conversion, storage, transmission, and distribution processes that deliver final Energy to the end-use sectors (industry, transport, and building, as well as agriculture and forestry). Demand side measures in the Energy end-use sectors are discussed in chapters 8 Energy supply sector is the largest contributor to global greenhouse gas emissions (robust evidence, high agreement).
10 In 2010, the Energy supply sector was responsible for approximately 35 % of total anthropogenic GHG emissions. Despite the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Kyoto Protocol, GHG emissions grew more rapidly between 2000 and 2010 than in the previous decade. Annual GHG-emissions growth in the global Energy supply sector accelerated from % per year from 1990 2000 to % per year from 2000 2010. The main contributors to this trend were a higher Energy demand associated with rapid economic growth and an increase of the share of coal in the global fuel mix. [ , ] In the baseline scenarios assessed in AR5, direct CO2 emissions of the Energy supply sector increase from 14 4 GtCO2 / yr in 2010 to 24 33 GtCO2 / yr in 2050 (25 75th percentile; full range 15 42 GtCO2 / yr), with most of the baseline scenarios assessed in AR5 showing a significant increase (medium evidence, medium agreement).
