EXCEL FEED FORMULATION AND FEEDING MODELS F.B. Onwurah ...

1 Proceedings of the 1stInternational Technology, Education and Environment Conference(c)African Society for Scientific Research (ASSR)Co-Published By: Human Resource Management Academic Research Society192 EXCEL feed FORMULATION AND FEEDING Collegeof Education (Technical),Omoku, Rivers State, feed FORMULATION model has been developed using Microsoft EXCEL package. This EXCEL assisted feedformulation model has been developed by use of simple arithmetics. It is user-friendly and does not require complex orrepeated calculations at different levels, or when feed ingredients are changed. It only requires the cueing-in of ingredientsand their required quantities. This, on a click shows the new protein and energy levels. It therefore implies that, onekeeps adjusting the nutrient quantities until the required protein and energy levels are met.

2 A feed management modelis also been developed. The model gives an extimate of feed requirements of birds at variuos ages. It extimates toatalfeed and cost of feed required, thus a least cost approach as it saves cost from feed wastage. These Microsoft EXCEL asssisted packages are intended for presentation and criticisms for a possible software words:ExcelAssisted,FeedFormulation, feed Management,User-Friendly,Ingredients,Pro tein FORMULATION and feed management have beenmajor concerns to poultrynutritionists all over the world. These have resulted in the production of feed FORMULATION feedmanagementsoftwares available for purchase and download from the internet. The availablemethods of feed FORMULATION such as Pearson s square, modified Pearson s square, substitutionmethods and various computer MODELS of least cost FORMULATION Stochastic, Linearand Stochilinearprogramming MODELS have serious limitations.

3 Pearson s square which is the simplest accommodatesonly two ingredients, which made room for modified Pearson s square. These allow for differentcalculations at every level when feed ingredients are changed. The other methods are much moresophiscated in feed EXCEL -assisted MODELS are much more easy to use and do not require calculationsat every step or when ingredients are changed, but that ingredients be cued-in only, and adjusteduntil the required protein and energy levels are met, and that required information are also cued-infor the required feed intake. This allows for prudence in the management of feed which attractsbetween 70 and 80% of the total production cost. It is very much user-friendly and requires onlysimple MODELS are intended for practical livestock farmers and teachers and students of animalproduction and management in tetiary :FeedFormulationNUTRIENTSINCLUSION% CP% of the 1stInternational Technology, Education and Environment Conference(c)African Society for Scientific Research (ASSR)Co-Published By: Human Resource Management Academic Research Society193 Guinea corn seed fruit seed seed seed seed leaf peel kernel 's meal000 Premix00 Salt000 Proceedings of the 1stInternational Technology, Education and Environment Conference(c)African Society for Scientific Research (ASSR)Co-Published By.

4 Human Resource Management Academic Research SocietyTABLE 2 CHECKPEARSON'S *100 = 60% * 100 = 40% SOYBEANTABLE 3: feed CONSUMPTIONFEEDINTAKENO OFBIRDSTOoCFORPOULTRYWEEK 120030 WEEK 220030 WEEK 3 WEEK 4 WEEK 5 International Technology, Education and Environment ConferenceAfrican Society for Scientific Research (ASSR)Published By: Human Resource Management Academic Research *100 = 60% MAIZE100% * 100 = 40% (g) (g) (Kg) (Kg) #DIV/0!#DIV/0!#DIV/0!#DIV/0!#DIV/0!#DIV/ 0!#DIV/0!#DIV/0!#DIV/0!Proceedings of the 1stInternational Technology, Education and Environment Conference(c)African Society for Scientific Research (ASSR)Co-Published By: Human Resource Management Academic Research Society195 WEEK 6500#DIV/0!#DIV/0!

5 #DIV/0!WEEK 7500#DIV/0!#DIV/0!#DIV/0!WEEK 8500#DIV/0!#DIV/0!#DIV/0!WEEK 9500#DIV/0!#DIV/0!#DIV/0!WEEK 10500#DIV/0!#DIV/0!#DIV/0!WEEK 11500#DIV/0!#DIV/0!#DIV/0!WEEK 12500#DIV/0!#DIV/0!#DIV/0! (g) 24 WEEK 25 WEEK 26 WEEK27 WEEK 28 WEEK 29 WEEK 30 WEEK31 WEEK 32 WEEK 33 WEEK 34 Proceedings of the 1stInternational Technology, Education and Environment Conference(c)African Society for Scientific Research (ASSR)Co-Published By: Human Resource Management Academic Research Society196 LIVESTOCK feed PRODUCTION AND FEEDING MODELSF armers are often gifted technical innovators. The technology they develop is very usefulbecause it uses low-cost resources available on local farms. However, knowledge of theseinnovations is often restricted to a small area.

6 Although many valuable itemsof technology havebeen developed by research institutions, they are often too expensive for small-scale farmers to beable to adopt them. Labour-saving farming methods based on low-cost inputs which are locallyavailable are often more suitable for small farms than the technology developed on research stations,and can make an important contribution to the sustainability of small farms in the region(FFTC,2007).Livestock feed FORMULATION MODELS such as FEEDING trials and the Pearson s square arethe simplest, but have the problem of long periods of trials and having only two ingredientsaccommodation. The other methods are more relaible as they accommodate more than (or feed ) FORMULATION does not merely involve mathematical calculations to meetthe requirement of the birds, since the result of the calculation may turn out to be impractical andnot ideal for FEEDING of poultry.

7 An experienced Poultry nutritionist, therefore, needs to evaluate thefeed FORMULATION before it can be given to the birds. Factors to be considered in making good to the ration being formulated has to be palatable enough to stimulateintake by the birds. feed refused by the birds is worthless, since feed hasto be consumed Digestibility of the feed . The nutrients in the feed have to be digested and released into thegastrointestinal tract to be utilized by the birds. Rations with high fiber content cannot be Cost of feed requirement of the birds can be met through several combinationsof feed ingredients. However, when the cost of these ingredients are considered, there can only beone least-cost FORMULATION .

8 The least-cost ration should ensure that the requirements of the birds Presence of anti-nutritional factors and presence of anti-nutritional factors in thefeed, such as anti-trypsin factor in soybean meal, affects the digestion of some nutrients by makingthem unavailable to the animal. Some feed ingredients may also contain toxic substances, which maybe detrimental to the animal when given in excessive amounts. The inclusion of these feedProceedings of the 1stInternational Technology, Education and Environment Conference(c)African Society for Scientific Research (ASSR)Co-Published By: Human Resource Management Academic Research Society197ingredients should therefore be limited or eliminated from the are severalmethods in formulating rations.

9 All of them have the same objectives of providing the Trial-and-error is the most popular method of formulating rations for poultry. Asthe name implies, the FORMULATION is manipulated until the nutrient requirements of the birds are method makes possible the FORMULATION of a ration that meets all the nutrient Linear Programming (LP).This is a method of determining the least-cost combination ofingredients using a series of mathematical equations. There are many possible solutions to each seriesof equations, but when the factor of cost is applied, there can only be one least cost combination. Anelectronic computer is capableof making thousands of calculations in a very short time. However,the machine is incapable of correcting errors resulting from incorrect data and errors in setting up ofthe program.

10 Therefore, the resultant rations obtained from linear programming willbe no betterthan the information and values which areentered into the using the LPapproach to ration FORMULATION , the user should be familiar with the LP program or software packageto be used. Numerous companies market computer software for feed FORMULATION . The softwarevaries from very simple and straight-forward to very complex packages intended for large feedmanufacturers. Examples of these softwares are Winfeed stochastic and linear programming feedformulation (Mirza, 2004).Others include Myfeed and approach requires:1. Available feed is necessary that all the available ingredients are listed along withtheunitcost, Nutrient composition of feed of feed composition using average or typicalvalues may be used but chemical analysis of a representative sample should be used if Ration generally represents the nutrient requirements and ingredient each case, the formulator specifies either a lower limit and/or an upper limit for each providing all the necessary information, the computer producesformular that will meet the desired specifications at the lowest possible cost.