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Fabricators’ and Erectors’ Guide to - Foundation

The serviceability of a product or structure utilizing the type of information presented herein is, and must be, the sole responsi-bility of the builder/user. Many variables beyond the control of The James F. Lincoln Arc Welding Foundation or The LincolnElectric Company affect the results obtained in applying this type of information. These variables include, but are not limited to,welding procedure, plate chemistry and temperature, weldment design, fabrication methods, and service Guide makes extensive reference to the AWS Structural Welding Code-Steel, but it is not intended to be a comprehen-sive review of all code requirements, nor is it intended to be a substitution for the code.

1 Fabricators’ and Erectors’ Guide to Welded Steel Construction 1 Introduction/Background This Fabricators’ and Erectors’ Guide to Welded Steel

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Transcription of Fabricators’ and Erectors’ Guide to - Foundation

1 The serviceability of a product or structure utilizing the type of information presented herein is, and must be, the sole responsi-bility of the builder/user. Many variables beyond the control of The James F. Lincoln Arc Welding Foundation or The LincolnElectric Company affect the results obtained in applying this type of information. These variables include, but are not limited to,welding procedure, plate chemistry and temperature, weldment design, fabrication methods, and service Guide makes extensive reference to the AWS Structural Welding Code-Steel, but it is not intended to be a comprehen-sive review of all code requirements, nor is it intended to be a substitution for the code.

2 Users of this Guide are encouragedto obtain a copy of the latest edition of the code from the American Welding Society, 550 LeJeune Road, Miami,Florida 33126, (800) and erectors Guide toWelded Steel ConstructionBy Omer W. Blodgett, , Scott FunderburkDuane K. Miller, , Quintana, information has been provided byThe James F. Lincoln Arc Welding Foundationto assist the general welding 19991 Introduction ..12 Welding Processes ..103 Welding Process Selection .. Requirements .. Capabilities .. Situations ..124 Welding Cost Analysis ..145 Welding Procedures .. of Welding Variables .. of Welding Procedure Specifications (WPSs).

3 Welding Procedure Specifications .. for Preparing Prequalified WPSs .. Welding Procedures By Test .. of WPSs ..226 Fabrication and Erection Guidelines .. and Assembly .. and Weld Tabs .. Access Holes .. and Gouging .. and Weld Cleaning .. and Interpass Temperature .. Techniques .. Welding Conditions .. Metal Mechanical Properties .. Intermixing of Weld Deposits ..33 Table of ContentsFabricators and erectors Guide toWelded Steel Construction7 Welding Techniques and Variables ..408 Welder Qualification ..409 Weld Cracking .. Cracking .. Affected Zone Cracking .. Cracking ..4410 Weld Quality and Inspection .. Weld Quality.

4 Weld Quality and Process-Specific Influences .. Weld Inspection ..4611 Arc Welding Safety ..491 fabricators and erectors Guide toWelded Steel Construction1 Introduction/BackgroundThis fabricators and erectors Guide to Welded SteelConstruction has been produced by The Lincoln ElectricCompany in order to help promote high quality and cost-effective welding. This Guide is not to be used as a sub-stitute for the AWS Structural Welding Code, or anyother applicable welding code or specification, and theuser bears the responsibility for knowing applicablecodes and job requirements. Rather, this documentincorporates references to the code, and addsexplanation, clarification, and guidelines to facilitatecompliance with the code.

5 At the time of writing, thisguide reflects the current industry views with respect tosteel fabrication, with specific emphasis on the new pro-visions that have been recently imposed for fabrication ofstructures designed to resist seismic loads. These provi-sions are largely drawn from the Federal EmergencyManagement Administration (FEMA) Document , produced by the SAC Consortium, whose membersinclude the Structural Engineers Association ofCalifornia, Applied Technology Council, and CaliforniaUniversities for Research and Earthquake cited document is the AWS D1 StructuralWelding Committee s Position Statement on theNorthridge earthquake.

6 Research is still underway, andadditional provisions may be found that will furtherincrease the safety of welded steel structures. The userof this document must be aware of changes that mayoccur to codes published after this Guide , specific jobrequirements, and various interim recommendations thatmay affect the recommendations contained January 1994 Northridge earthquake revealed anumber of examples of lack of conformance to mandated provisions. Lack of conformance to codeprovisions, and the poor workmanship revealed in manysituations, highlight the need for education. This docu-ment is one attempt to assist in that information contained herein is believed to be cur-rent and accurate.

7 It is based upon the current technolo-gy, codes, specifications and principles of weldingengineering. Any recommendations will be subject tochange pending the results of ongoing research. Asalways, it is the responsibility of the Engineer of Record,and not The Lincoln Electric Company, to specify therequirements for a particular project. The prerogative tospecify alternate requirements is always within theauthority of the Engineer of Record and, when morerestrictive requirements are specified in contract docu-ments, compliance with such requirements would super-sede the preceding recommendations. Acceptance ofcriteria by the Engineer of Record that are less rigorousthan the preceding does not change the recommendationsof The Lincoln Electric ProcessesA variety of welding processes can be used to fabricateand erect buildings.

8 However, it is important that all par-ties involved understand these processes in order toensure high quality and economical fabrication. A briefdescription of the major processes is provided below. SMAWS hielded metal arc welding (SMAW), commonly knownas stick electrode welding or manual welding, is the old-est of the arc welding processes. It is characterized byversatility, simplicity and flexibility. The SMAW process commonly is used for tack welding, fabricationof miscellaneous components, and repair welding. Thereis a practical limit to the amount of current that may beused. The covered electrodes are typically 9 to 18 inch-es long, and if the current is raised too high, electricalresistance heating within the unused length of electrodewill become so great that the coating ingredients mayoverheat and break down, potentially resulting in weldquality degradation.

9 SMAW also is used in the field forerection, maintenance and repairs. SMAW has earned areputation for depositing high quality welds is, however, slower and more costly than other meth-ods of welding, and is more dependent on operator skillfor high quality American Welding Society (AWS) publishes a vari-ety of filler metal specifications under the jurisdiction ofthe A5 Committee; addresses the particular require-ments for mild steel covered electrodes used with theshielded metal arc welding process. The similarly covers the low alloy welding on steels with minimum specified yieldstrengths exceeding 50 ksi, all electrodes should be of thelow hydrogen type with specific coatings that aredesigned to be extremely low in moisture.

10 Water, orH2O, will break down into its components hydrogen andoxygen under the intensity of the arc. This hydrogen canthen enter into the weld deposit and may lead to unac-ceptable weld heat affected zone cracking under certainconditions. Low hydrogen electrodes have coatingscomprised of materials that are very low in low hydrogen electrodes that fit into the classi-fication include E7015, E7016, E7018, and E7028. TheE7015 electrodes operate on DC only. E7016 electrodesoperate on either AC or DC. The E7018 electrodes oper-ate on AC or DC and include approximately 25% ironpowder in their coatings; this increases the rate at whichmetal may be deposited.


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