FACILITIES INSTRUCTIONS STANDARDS AND …

1 FACILITIES INSTRUCTIONS , STANDARDS , AND TECHNIQUES VOLUME 3-31 TRANSFORMER DIAGNOSTICS JUNE 2003 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR BUREAU OF RECLAMATION REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Approved OMB No. 0704-0188 Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing INSTRUCTIONS , searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suit 1204, Arlington VA 22202-4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Report (0704-0188), Washington DC 20503.

2 1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave Blank) 2. REPORT DATE June 2003 3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED Final 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE FIST 3-31, Transformer Diagnostics 5. FUNDING NUMBERS 6. AUTHOR(S) Bureau of Reclamation Hydroelectric research and Technical Services Group Denver, Colorado 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATIONS NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) Bureau of Reclamation Denver Federal Center PO Box 25007 Denver CO 80225-0007 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER FIST 3-31 9. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) Hydroelectric research and Technical Services Group Bureau of Reclamation Mail Code D-8450 PO Box 25007 Denver CO 80225 10.

3 SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY REPORT NUMBER DIBR 11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES 12a. DISTRIBUTION AVAILABILITY STATEMENT Available from the National Technical Information Service, Operations Division, 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, VA 22161 12b. DISTRIBUTION CODE 13. ABSTRACT (Maximum 200 words) FIST 3-31 provides guidance to Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation) powerplant personnel in transformer diagnostics. Transformers rated 5,000 kilovoltamperes (kVA) and above are considered power transformers. All generator step-up (GSU) transformers, and may station service and excitation transformers are considered power transformers because they are rated 500 kVA or larger.

4 14. SUBJECT TERMS 15. NUMBER OF PAGES 62 16. PRICE CODE 17. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF REPORT UL 18. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE UL 19. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF ABSTRACT UL 20. LIMITATION OF ABSTRACT UL NSN 7540-01-280-5500 Standard Form 298 (Rev. 2-89) Prescribed by ANSI Std. 239-18 298-102 FACILITIES INSTRUCTIONS , STANDARDS , AND TECHNIQUES VOLUME 3-31 TRANSFORMER DIAGNOSTICS HYDROELECTRIC research AND TECHNICAL SERVICES GROUP UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR BUREAU OF RECLAMATION JUNE 2003 DISCLAIMER This written matter consists of general information for internal Bureau of Reclamation operations and maintenance staff use.

5 The information contained in this document regarding commercial products or firms may not be used for advertising or promotional purposes and is not to be construed as an endorsement of any product or firm by the Bureau of Reclamation. CONTENTS Page 1. Introduction .. 1 2. Reference Documents .. 1 3. Transformer Diagnostics and Transformer 2 4. Transformer Diagnostics and Powerplant Rehabilitation .. 5 5. Dissolved Gas 5 Background.

6 5 Transformer Diagnosis Using Individual and Total Dissolved Key Gas 5 Diagnosing a Transformer Problem Using Dissolved Gas Analysis and the Duval 8 Origin of the Duval 8 How to Use the Duval 8 Expertise 13 6. Oil Physical/Chemical Tests .. 13 Transformer Oil Tests That Should Be Performed Annually With the Dissolved Gas 13 Dielectric 13 Interfacial Tension (IFT) .. 14 Acid Number .. 15 Furans .. 15 Oxygen .. 15 Oxygen Inhibitor .. 15 Oil power Factor.

7 16 Moisture .. 16 7. 18 8. Doble Tests on 18 Insulation power Factor Capacitance Tests .. 19 Excitation Current Test .. 19 Bushing Tests .. 19 Percent Impedance/Leakage Reactance Test .. 20 Sweep Frequency Response Analysis 9. Visual 23 Background .. 23 Temperature Indicators Temperature Indicators Offline.

8 24 Conservator .. 24 iii CONTENTS (CONTINUED) Page 9. Visual Inspection (continued) Conservator 25 25 Oil Leaks .. 26 Pressure Relief Device .. 26 Oil 27 Fans and Radiators .. 27 Buchholz Relay .. 27 Sudden Pressure Relay.

9 28 Bladder Failure 28 10. Infrared Temperature 29 IR for Transformer Tanks .. 29 IR for Surge Arresters .. 30 IR for Bushings .. 30 IR for Radiators and Cooling Systems .. 31 11. Corona Scope 32 12. Ultrasonic and Sonic Fault Background .. 32 32 13. Vibration Analyses .. 33 Background .. 33 14. Turns Ratio Test .. 33 Background.

10 33 33 15. DC Winding Resistance Measurement .. 34 Background .. 34 35 16. Core Insulation Resistance and Inadvertent Core Ground Test .. 35 Background .. 35 36 17. Estimate of Paper Deterioration (Online).. 36 CO2 and CO Accumulated Total Gas 36 CO2/CO 37 Furans.