Filter Blocking Tendency Cold Soak Test - …

1 1 Filter Blocking TendencyASTM D2068, IP 387, CEN N 403, BS EN 590, IP PM EACold Soak TestASTM D7501, IP PM EA, CEN N 403, CGSB No. 142 Matthijs van der Spek Rev. of Presentation What is a Filter Blocking Tendency (FBT) Test? Why is the FBT important? FBT Background Standards The FBT Method Tamson Filter Blocking Tendency -Tester Recommended TFBT Set-Up Competitive Advantages of TFBT Cold Soak Methods Set-Up TLB50 for Cold Soak2233 FBT is a calculated dimensionless value thatdefines the Tendency of particulates in a fuel toplug or block a Filter . For this test*, 300 mL of sample is pumped at aconstant flow rate (20 mL/min) through aspecified Filter medium. Both pressure difference across the Filter andthe volume of fuel passing through the Filter aremonitored until the pressure reaches 105 kPaor the volume of fuel passing the Filter mediumreaches 300 Blocking Tendency (FBT)?

2 What is a FBT Test (1/2)?*ASTM D2068 and IP 387 Filter Blocking Tendency (FBT)?What is a FBT Test (2/2)?44 When 300 mL of fluid is pumped, the endpressure is used to calculate the FBTnumber (please see table 1). Or, when the pressure reaches 105 kPabeforethe 300 mL of fluid is passed, thevolume of fluid pumped at this point isused to calculate the FBT number(please see table 2).Table 1: 300 mL Passed 2: Overpressure Blocking Tendency TodayImportance Today?55 Fuels which have a high FBT could potentially block filtersin thedistribution network or during use in a vehicle, power plant, oraircraft. Cold flow issues with diesel containing FAME (biodiesel) and FAME material have resulted in the development of the new EnergyInstitute test method standard to check quality of FAME and(blended) diesel fuels to avoid major fuel operability problems.

3 Fuel cleanliness is also an important issue as modern fuel injectorsand injection pumps are being manufactured to more precisetolerances. Particle contamination, degradation, or corrosion ofpipelines and storage tanks can quickly clog filtration Blocking Tendency TodayImportance Today, Examples?66 Sweden: Filter Blocking problems reported initiallywinter 2011/12, continued 2012/13, 2013/14 andmore serious during winter 2014/15: High FBTs measured High levels of Saturated Monoglicerides (SMGs) andSterol Glucosides (SGs) found in some samples. Some evidence of oxidation stability issues. Zn contamination found in some samples vehiclefuel system components? Effect of detergents/dispersants?Picture: contaminationfound in oil Filter ! 4 Filter Blocking Tendency TodayImportance Today, Examples?77 Italy: Filter Blocking problems result invehicle power loss.

4 Fame contaminants identified aspolyethylene, nylon, and SGs in somecases. Centrifuge test (ASTM D2709)employed to isolate and determinelevel of contaminants. Correlation with FBT and EN 12662total contamination : oil Filter clogged after 9k miles using > B5 Blocking Tendency TodayImportance Today, Examples?88 Spain: Filter Blocking problems result in vehicle power loss. Problems appeared in Spanish market thatcaused Filter Blocking in diesel vehicles. Filter analysis showed that Blocking werecaused by some insoluble componentscoming from FAME (Saturatedmonoglycerides) that precipitated at 1: clogged Filter !Picture 2: Filter analsys show insoluble components coming Blocking Tendency TodayImportance Today, Examples?99UK: Filter Blocking problems reported initially winter 2012/13,continued 2013/14, slightly (19%) reduced in 2014/15 afterintroduction of voluntary FBT test limit of Incidents linked to temperature <3 C Trend for higher FBTs (> ) in problem areas.

5 European survey shows FBT < and most below Evidence of base fuel quality issues oxidation stability, poorly blended cold flowadditives. Saturated FAME levels typical 20 - 25% but can be as high as 40%. Filter analysis shows SMGs, EVA and some evidence of polyethylene and polyamide(nylon?). Freezer rig test using suction through vehicle system confirms Filter Blocking on fuelfrom affected area but Filter unblocks on warming. Designed experiment investigating high saturate FAMEs with various contaminants(SMGs, SGs, water). Filter Blocking Tendency TodayImportance Today, Examples?1010 Two examples of B5 samples with a floating layer at the Blocking Tendency TodayBackground to Sterol Glucosides (SGs)?1111 The presence of SGs in vegetable oils (soybean and palm) is awell-known fact. Vegetable oil refining technologies don t remove all of these SGsmolecules.

6 SGs are insoluble in FAME as well as in fossil fuel at very lowcontents. Ambient temperature and storage time of FAME are criticalto establish a solubility limit. Some market issues in USA and Europe related with Filter blockinghave been linked with the presence of very low levels of SGs Blocking Tendency TodayBackground to Saturated Monoglycerides (SMGs)?12127 Filter Blocking Tendency TodayBackground to Saturated Monoglycerides (SMGs)?1313 During the transesterification process it could happen that thereaction is not complete and finalizes in the di-glyceride step (1) ormono-glyceride step (2). Filter Blocking Tendency TodayBackground to Saturated Monoglycerides (SMGs)?1414 Total Monoglyceride content in FAME depends on: Optimization of the transesterification production process. Feedstock used to produce FAME.

7 In general, the ratio of Saturated Monoglyceride is equivalent to the ratioof Saturated Methyl Ester in the FAME. Saturated component ratio depends on feedstock used: Saturated Content inPalmMethyl Ester: 45-50% Saturated Content inSoyMethyl Ester: 12-17% Saturated Content inRapeMethyl Ester: 5-8% Monoglycerides are compounds with a limited solubility inthe solubility gets substantially worser. Higher solubility problems of SMGs in FAME than in diesel (fossil fuel).8 Filter Blocking Tendency TodayBackground1515 Sample 1:B5 made with FAME and SMG (165mg/kg estimated SMG in theB5).Market IssuesSample 2:B5 made with FAME and SMG (100mg/kg estimated SMG in theB5).Market IssuesSample 3:B5 made with FAME and SMG (75 mg/kgestimated SMG in the B5)Nomarket issuesSample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 StandardsASTM D2068 / IP 387 Determination Filter Blocking Tendency :A test portion of the fuel to be analyzed is passed at a constant rate of flow(20 mL/min) through a specified Filter medium.

8 The pressuredifference acrossthe Filter and the volume of fuel passing the Filter are monitored until thepressure reaches 105 kPa or the volume of fuel passing the Filter mediumreaches 300 mL. The pressure and flow are then used to calculate the filterblocking Tendency , where a low number indicates a good D7501 FBT of Biodiesel (B100) by Cold Soak Filtration Test:In this test method, 300 mL of biodiesel (B100) is stored at C for 16hours, allowed to warm to 25 1 C, and vacuum filtered through a single m glass fiber Filter at controlled vacuum levels of ~70 85 PM EA Cold Soak and Filtration method of FAME or Diesel containingFAME:A test portion of FAME is conditioned to remove its thermal history by heatingat 60 C for two hours and then allowed to cool to 20 C. The testportion isthen dissolved in low aromatic kerosine to prepare a 10% blend.

9 The blend isplaced in a water bath maintained at 5 C for 16 hours. It is then allowed towarm to 20 C and tested in accordance with IP 387 Procedure B to determineits PM ES Cold Filter Blocking Tendency :Published in 2016. More research to follow. Basically two FBT tests arecarried out at cold Development Recently, BS EN 590 has been updated to include Filter BlockingTendency (IP 387 Procedure B) as a mandatory requirement. BS EN 590 describes the physical properties that all automotive diesel fuelmust meet if it is to be sold in the UK. Since November 1st, 2015: All UK diesel imports will be subject to new FBT limits. IP 387 Procedure B must be performed on every batch of fuel covered by BS EN 590. This specification change applies to all diesel for ASTM D2068 /IP 387 TFBT2178931045116 Operating the TFBTItem DescriptionRemark1 Touch DisplayGraphical color2 Printer3 Temperature sensorPT1004 Beaker 400mlSample5 HoseTygon6 Pump7 On/offPress8 Pressure sensor and filter9 Level sensorUltrasonic10 BeakerReceiver11 Safety WindowRemovableThe automated TFBT (P/N 00T0942)provides a graphical guided userinterface using a resistive touch screen guides the user through thetest procedure.

10 The guidance results inreliable performance of this test and theuser can see what the apparatus is doingwhen it strictly follows the prescribedsteps in the test ASTM D2068 / IP387 Procedure A1234567 Filter A 1 Sealing ring2 House top3 Sealing ring PTFE4 Filter5 Filter support disc6 Sealing ring flat PTFE 7 Housing bottom Adapter (P/N 15T0002) withfilter housing(Millipore, stainlesssteel, nominal 13 mm diameterwith a Luer fitting at the topwhere it connects with theTFBT). Filter A (P/N 24T0064), glassfiber, m nominal porediameter, nominal 13 mmdiameter and with an effectivefiltration area of to . Box with 98 ASTM D2068 / IP 387 Procedure BFilter B 1 Adapter block2 Filter adapter3 Housing in tapered 3 Filter4 Hose prevent splashing*(4 mm outher diameter)24T00491234 Adapter block with Filter adapter(P/N 15T0003) to allow the testportion to input through thetaper fitting and exit from theLuer fitting (upside down).