Fire Service Features

1 fire Service Features of Buildings and fire Protection SystemsOSHA 3256-09R 2015 Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 To assure safe and healthful working conditions for working men and women; by authorizing enforcement of the standards developed under the Act; by assisting and encouraging the States in their efforts to assure safe and healthful working conditions; by providing for research, information, education, and training in the field of occupational safety and health. This publication provides a general overview of a particular standards-related topic. This publication does not alter or determine compliance responsibilities which are set forth in OSHA standards and the Occupational Safety and Health Act. Moreover, because interpretations and enforcement policy may change over time, for additional guidance on OSHA compliance requirements the reader should consult current administrative interpretations and decisions by the Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission and the contained in this publication is in the public domain and may be reproduced, fully or partially, without permission.

2 Source credit is requested but not information will be made available to sensory-impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: (202) 693-1999; teletypewriter (TTY) number: 1-877-889-5627. This guidance document is not a standard or regulation, and it creates no new legal obligations. It contains recommendations as well as descriptions of mandatory safety and health standards. The recommendations are advisory in nature, informational in content, and are intended to assist employers in providing a safe and healthful workplace. The Occupational Safety and Health Act requires employers to comply with safety and health standards and regulations promulgated by OSHA or by a state with an OSHA-approved state plan. In addition, the Act s General Duty Clause, Section 5(a)(1), requires employers to provide their employees with a workplace free from recognized hazards likely to cause death or serious physical photo: Vito MaggioloFire Service Features of Buildings and fire Protection SystemsOccupational Safety and Health Department of LaborOSHA 3256-09R 2015 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS OSHA wishes to express its appreciation to the following individuals for their significant contributions to this manual.

3 The following persons provided a courtesy technical review: David M. Banwarth, M. Banwarth Associates, LLCJ ames (Jamie) Barton, CFPSFire Inspector, Gaithersburg, MD fire marshal s OfficeCaptain (retired), montgomery county fire & Rescue Service , Cisney, fire Protection EngineerGeneral services Administration Former firefighter, College Park Volunteer fire Department, Claridge, Beca Ltd. New ZealandSamuel S. Dannaway, and Chief fire Protection Engineer, S. S. Dannaway Associates, volunteer firefighter, Prince Georges county , J. DavidsonManaging Partner, Davidson Code Concepts, LLCFire marshal (retired), South Brunswick, DeCrane, Battalion ChiefDirector of TrainingCleveland Division of FireIAFF - ICC Codes RepresentativeJohn August Denhardt, fire ProtectionGregory HavelDeputy Chief (retired) Town of Burlington fire Department, Instructor, Gateway Technical CollegeSafety Director, Scherrer Construction Co.

4 , Inc.; Burlington, J. Humberson, fire marshal , City of Gaithersburg, MD. Former Volunteer Firefighter, Prince Georges and Frederick Counties, Jakubowski, , CSP, FSFPEP rincipal - fire Planning AssociatesPennsylvania State fire InstructorChief, Lingohocken fire Co., Bucks county , Jelenewicz, of fire Protection EngineersFire Chief (retired) Chillum-Adelphi Volunteer fire Department, E. JohnsonInternational Code CouncilSteve KerberDirector, UL Firefighter Safety Research InstitutePast Deputy Chief and Life Member, College Park Volunteer fire Department, Platt, Protection Engineer, GovernmentLieutenant, College Park Volunteer fire Department, J. Prendergast, fire Department (retired)Martin C. Smith, SETP resident and CEO, Alarm Tech Solutions, LLCJim TidwellTidwell Code ConsultingFire Chief (retired) Fort Worth fire Department, Venditti, Manager, Rolf Jensen and AssociatesFormer Lieutenant, College Park Volunteer fire Department, following persons and organizations contributed photographs or diagrams for this manual.

5 Alarm Tech Solutions, LLCDave BanwarthMike CarrollJeff CisneyClayton fire Company #1, DECleveland Division of FireCollege Park Volunteer fire Department, MDFederal Emergency Management Agency Glen EllmanMike EversoleJohn Guyton International Code CouncilGreg HavelNeal HobbsIvan HumbersonMorgan HurleyGaithersburg City fire marshal , MDGreg JakubowskiVito Maggiolo (including cover photo)National fire Protection AssociationNational Institute for Occupational Safety and HealthNational Institute of Standards and TechnologyOdessa fire Company, DEDave Polikoff, Battalion Chief, montgomery county fire and Rescue Service , MDDavid PurcellGene ShanerMichael SchwartzbergMartin C. SmithScott StookeyTempe fire Department, AZUnited States fire Administration TABLE OF CONTENTSC hapter 1 Introduction.

6 1 Purpose ..1 Scope ..2 Manual Organization and Use ..3 Terminolog y ..4 Glossary of Acronyms and Terms ..4 Chapter 2 fire Service Primer ..5 Challenges ..5 Organization ..6 Apparatus ..7 Emergency Operations ..8 How Stakeholders Can Help ..10 Chapter 3 fire Apparatus Access ..13 Extent and Number ..13 Dimensions ..14 Turnarounds ..16 Design ..16 Security ..17 Traffic Calming Features ..18 Chapter 4 Water Supply ..20 fire Flow ..21 fire Pumps ..22 fire Hydrant Features ..23 fire Hydrant Placement ..24 Chapter 5 Premises Identification ..29 Chapter 6 Firefighter Access ..32 Site Access ..32 Key Boxes ..32 Entry Points ..33 Room and Floor Designations ..34 Interior Access ..36 Stairs ..36 Stair Capacity ..37 OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATIONviElevators ..38 Utility and Equipment Identification.

7 40 Chapter 7 Hazards to Firefighters ..42 Building Information ..42 Hazardous Materials ..43 Lightweight Construction ..44 Shaftways ..46 Rooftop Hazards ..47 Energy Conservation and Alternative Energy Features ..47 Chapter 8 Sprinkler Systems ..51 Zoning ..51 Control Valves ..52 Partial Sprinkler Systems ..55 Unwanted Alarms ..56 Chapter 9 Standpipe Systems ..58 System Design ..59 Pressure-Regulating Devices ..61 fire Hose Connections ..62 fire Attack from Stairs ..65 Isolation Valves ..67 Chapter 10 fire Department Connections ..69 Quantity ..69 Inlets ..70 Location ..71 Position ..73 Marking and Signage ..74 Chapter 11 fire Alarm and Communication Systems ..77 Zoning and Annunciation ..78 Graphic Displays ..81 fire Service Notification ..83 Unwanted Alarms ..84 Occupant Notification.

8 85 fire Department Communication Systems ..87 fire Command Centers ..88 fire Service Features OF BUILDINGS AND fire PROTECTION SYSTEMSviiChapter 12 Other Systems ..91 Firefighter Radio Signal Enhancement Systems ..91 Firefighter Air Replenishment Systems ..92 Backup Power Systems ..95 Firefighter Emergency Power Outlet Systems ..96 Smoke Control and Ventilation Systems ..96 Chapter 13 Building Phases ..101 Concept and Design ..101 Construction ..103 Occupancy ..107 Maintenance and Use ..108 Demolition ..110 ANNEX A Coordination Checklist ..112 Workers Rights ..114 OSHA Assistance, services and Programs ..114 NIOSH Health Hazard Evaluation Program ..116 OSHA Regional Offices ..117 How to Contact OSHA ..118 OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION viiiThis manual is advisory in nature and informational in content.

9 It is not a standard or a regulation, and it neither creates new legal obligations nor alters existing obligations created by OSHA standards or the Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSH Act).Employers are required to comply with hazard-specific safety and health standards as issued and enforced either by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) or by one of the 27 OSHA-approved State Plans. State Plans have and enforce their own occupational safety and health standards that are required to be at least as effective as OSHA s, but may have different or additional requirements. A list of the State Plans and more information is available at: addition, Section 5(a)(1) of the OSH Act, the General Duty Clause, requires employers to provide their employees with a workplace free from recognized hazards likely to cause death or serious physical harm.

10 Employers can be cited for violating the General Duty Clause if there is such a recognized hazard, and they do not take reasonable steps to prevent or abate the hazard. However, the failure to implement any of the recommendations in this manual is not, in itself, a violation of the General Duty Clause. Citations can only be based on standards, regulations, or the General Duty manual does not supersede or substitute for any local or state laws, codes, ordinances, regulations, or amendments thereto. This document shall only be used as a nonbinding supplement to a jurisdiction s Service Features OF BUILDINGS AND fire PROTECTION SYSTEMS1 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTIONP urpose The purpose of this manual is to increase the safety of emergency responders and building occupants by providing information about how firefighters typically interact with building Features and fire protection systems during fires (figure ) and similar emergencies.