FOUNDATIONS IN MICROBIOLOGY - USB

1 CHESSTALAROK athleen ParkBarryMICROBIOLOGYFOUNDATIONS INTenth EditionCHESSTALAROK athleen ParkBarryMICROBIOLOGYFOUNDATIONS INFOUNDATIONS IN MICROBIOLOGY , TENTH EDITIONP ublished by McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Copyright 2018 by McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Previous editions 2015, 2012, and 2009. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education, including, but not limited to, in any network or other electronic storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance ancillaries, including electronic and print components, may not be available to customers outside the United book is printed on acid-free 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 LWI 21 20 19 18 17 ISBN 978 1 259 70521-2 MHID 1 259 70521 8 Chief Product Officer, SVP Products & Markets: G. Scott VirklerVice President, General Manager, Products & Markets: Marty LangeVice President, Content Production & Technology Services: Betsy WhalenManaging Director: Lynn BreithauptBrand Manager: Marija MagnerDirector of Development: Rose M.

2 KoosProduct Developer: Mandy ClarkDigital Product Analyst: John J. TheobaldMarketing Manager: Jessica CannavoDirector, Content Production: Linda AvenariusProgram Manager: Angie FitzPatrickContent Project Managers: (core): Jayne Klein; (assessment): Brent dela CruzSenior Buyer: Laura FullerDesigner: Tara McDermottCover Image: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious DiseasesContent Licensing Specialists: (Image): Carrie K. Burger; (Text): Lorraine BuczekCompositor: Aptara , : STIX MathjaxPrinter: LSC CommunicationsAll credits appearing on page are considered to be an extension of the copyright elements: Fungi: CDC/Janice Haney Carr; Magnifying Glass: Comstock/PunchStock RF; iPad, Head/Brain, USA Map: McGraw-Hill Education; Blood Cell/MRSA, Neutrophil/MRSA, Bacteria: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious of Kathy Park Talaro (p. vi): Courtesy of Dave Bedrosian; Photo of Barry Chess (p. vi): Courtesy of Josh ChessLibrary of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataNames: Talaro, Kathleen P.

3 , author. | Chess, Barry, : FOUNDATIONS in MICROBIOLOGY / Kathleen Park Talaro, Pasadena City College, Barry Chess, Pasadena City : Tenth edition. | New York, NY : McGraw-Hill Education, [2018]Identifiers: LCCN 2016040028| ISBN 9781259705212 (alk. paper) | ISBN 1259705218 (alk. paper)Subjects: LCSH: MICROBIOLOGY . | Medical : LCC .T35 2018 | DDC dc23 LC record available at 2013041001 The Internet addresses listed in the text were accurate at the time of publication. The inclusion of a website does not indicate an endorsement by the authors or McGraw-Hill Education, and McGraw-Hill Education does not guarantee the accuracy of the information presented at these 1 The Main Themes of MICROBIOLOGY 1 CHAPTER 2 The Chemistry of Biology 29 CHAPTER 3 Tools of the Laboratory: Methods of Studying Microorganisms 60 CHAPTER 4A Survey of Prokaryotic Cells and Microorganisms 89 CHAPTER 5A Survey of Eukaryotic Cells and Microorganisms 124 CHAPTER 6An Introduction to Viruses 160 CHAPTER 7 Microbial Nutrition, Ecology, and Growth 188 CHAPTER 8An Introduction to Microbial Metabolism: The Chemical Crossroads of Life 222 CHAPTER 9An Introduction to Microbial Genetics 260 CHAPTER 10 Genetic Engineering: A Revolution in Molecular Biology 298 CHAPTER 11 Physical and Chemical Agents for Microbial Control 327 CHAPTER 12 Drugs, Microbes, Host The Elements of Chemotherapy 360 CHAPTER 13 Microbe-Human Interactions.

4 Infection, Disease, and Epidemiology 397 CHAPTER 14An Introduction to Host Defenses and Innate Immunities 437 CHAPTER 15 Adaptive, Specific Immunity and Immunization 466 CHAPTER 16 Disorders in Immunity 501 CHAPTER 17 Procedures for Identifying Pathogens and Diagnosing Infections 533 CHAPTER 18 The Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Cocci of Medical Importance 556 CHAPTER 19 The Gram-Positive Bacilli of Medical Importance 587 CHAPTER 20 The Gram-Negative Bacilli of Medical Importance 618 CHAPTER 21 Miscellaneous Bacterial Agents of Disease 648 CHAPTER 22 The Fungi of Medical Importance 681 CHAPTER 23 The Parasites of Medical Importance 710 CHAPTER 24 Introduction to Viruses That Infect Humans: The DNA Viruses 749 CHAPTER 25 The RNA Viruses That Infect Humans 774 CHAPTER 26 Environmental MICROBIOLOGY 814 CHAPTER 27 Applied and Industrial MICROBIOLOGY 838 Brief Contents8143embarked on a highly What was most strik-volve actually catching sh were tiny oating microbes sophisticated and t was the brainchild of Dr.

5 Craig Ven-researcher*, and its pri-detail the mircrobial water. Scientists aboard the ted surface water about ev-ted the tiniest forms of micro-primarily bacteria, and sent to Venter s laboratory. It was here scienti c crew engaged in a new and pow-ful way of examining the world. Instead of pains-ingly locating tand identifying the individual microbes in the sample as might have been done in the past, they extracted the genetic material (DNA) from the samples and analyzed the DNA using state-of-the-art molecular techniques and computers**. Their stunning and somewhat unexpected discovery was that the variety and numbers of microbes liv-ing in the ocean exceeded by far any previous ocean ambitious undertaking was just the beginning. It was followed by several additional voyages by Dr. Venter s ship as well as marine microbi-ologists at the Marine Biological Institute in Woods Hole, Massachusetts, and is continuing today all over the globe.

6 Even though microbiologists had previously described around 5700 di erent types of bacteria, the evidence from these studies showed that this number represented only the tiniest d rop in the ocean. Some of the data uncovered evidence of more an 20,000 di erent kinds of microorganisms in just a single liter of seawater most of them unknown. Realizing that the ocean is a vast space with endless nooks and crannies for organisms to hide, by one estimate, it could easily contain 5 to 10 million di erent mi-croscopic creatures, each of them having unique characteristics and roles in the ocean environment. According to Dr. David Thomassen, Chief Scientist, Department of Energy, Microbes rule the earth. Sci-entists estimate that there are more microbes on earth than there are stars in the universe an esti-mated nonillion (one followed by thirty zeros). Mi-crobes and their communities make up the foundation of the biosphere and sustain all life on earth.

7 Which groups of microorganisms would likey be found in the plankton? What elds of MICROBIOLOGY could be involved in the further study of these microbes and in unco eringtheir basic characteristics?To continue the case, go to page 000.*Dr. Venter was one of the main individuals behind the mapping of the human genome in 2001.**This technique, called metagenomic analysis, will be discussed in a later chapter(10).This is a colorized view of Beribus, voluptios magnit, o ciis dolum et am id ute cusant. Ferrorest volore voles et lam quam, cumquas in reperibusam nullore voluptios magnit. Peering through the microscope into a drop of seawater is like looking at stars with a telescope on a clear night. Dr. Victor Gallardo, ocean researcherhis is an Example of a Longer Case File TitleMicroMay I Get a Glass of Water?CASE STUDY Part 1 The Ohio National Guard was used to deliver pre-made infant formula. On August 2, 2014, a DO NOT DRINK order was issued for 500,000 people in and around Toledo, Ohio.

8 The order stated that tap water should not be used for drinking, brushing teeth, or preparing infant formula, food, or ice. The cause of the order was an increased level of microcystins , a toxin produced by several species of the cyanobac-terial genus Microcystis. Environmental conditions had allowed the cyanobacterium to grow at a prodi-gious rate producing a harmful algae bloom (HAB). The immediate effects of ingesting microcystins in-clude nausea, vomiting, and dizziness, but liver toxicity is the most concerning issue, with both short-term liver failure and longer-term liver cancer reported. The danger is real. One hundred patients de-veloped liver failure (and 50 died) when water contaminated with microcystins was used at a dialysis clinic in Brazil. The Environmental Protection Agency has deemed that water with greater than parts per billion (ppb) microcystin is unsafe to drink, and because the toxin is heat stable, boiling the usual advice for water contaminated by microbes is not helpful.

9 In fact, because boiling reduces the vol-ume of the water, it simply concentrates the toxin. Shortly after the water advisory was issued, the effects could be seen throughout the area. Stores quickly sold out of bottled water and shipments destined for other parts of the state were rerouted to Toledo. The Ohio National Guard trucked in water from distant areas and delivered premixed infant formula and military meals. Restau-rants were urged to shut down, and the Ohio Department of Reha-bilitation and Corrections converted its milk bottling plant to package safe water for the area. Toledo knew what to do when the city s water was deemed unsafe to drink, because it had been in the same situation before. In the 1920s the city of Toledo established a water intake (called a crib) at Maumee Bay on the western end of Lake Erie. The lake s large size and the location of the crib near the water inlet for the lake were thought to offer an ideal source of clean water, distant from the industrial wastes and raw sewage that were routinely dumped into the rivers of Toledo.

10 Unfortu-nately, over the next several decades many factors conspired to favor the growth of toxin-producing microcystis in Lake Erie. What environmental factors favor the growth of microorganisms like algae and cyanobacteria? Boiling is commonly recommended when water is contaminated with What does boiling do to make the water safe to drink? To continue the Case Study, go to Case Study Part 2 at the end of the sp. (640 ).Courtesy of Dr. Yuuji TsukiiA harmful algae bloom in Lake : NOAA Great Lakes CoastWatchEnvironmental MicrobiologySatellite image of Lake Erie taken on August 22, 2015. Toledo, Ohio, sits at the extreme western (left) shore of the lake. Source: NOAA Great Lakes CoastWatch Scoping Out the Chapter 815 SCOPING OUT THE CHAPTERR emove the microbes, and life on Earth stops. Plants don t grow, animals starve, lakes and oceans die. Even the nonliving aspects of the planet the amount and type of nitrogen and phosphorous available to plants and animals, for instance depends on the actions of microorganisms.