Frederick J Gravetter

1 EditionAustralia Brazil Mexico Singapore United Kingdom United StatesFrederick J GravetterThe College at Brockport, State University of New YorkLarry B. WaLLnauThe College at Brockport, State University of New YorkStatistics for the behavioral sciences Deborah Batt10 This is an electronic version of the print textbook. Due to electronic rights restrictions, some third party content may be suppressed. Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. The publisher reserves the right to remove content from this title at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

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3 978-1-305-86280-7 Cengage Learning 20 Channel Center Street Boston, MA 02210 USAC engage Learning is a leading provider of customized learning solutions with employees residing in nearly 40 different countries and sales in more than 125 countries around the world. Find your local representative at Learning products are represented in Canada by nelson education , learn more about Cengage Learning Solutions, visit any of our products at your local college store or at our preferred online store for the behavioral sciences , Tenth EditionFrederick J Gravetter and Larry B. WallnauProduct director: Jon-david HagueProduct Manager: timothy MatrayContent developer: Stefanie ChaseProduct Assistant: Kimiya HojjatMarketing Manager: Melissa LarmonContent Project Manager: Michelle ClarkArt director: Vernon BoesManufacturing Planner: Karen HuntProduction Service: Lynn Lustberg, MPS Limited text and Photo Researcher: Lumina datamaticsCopy Editor: Sara Kreismanillustrator: MPS Limitedtext and Cover designer: Lisa HenryCover image: deborah Batt Community 2-1 Compositor.

4 MPS LimitedFor product information and technology assistance, contact us at Cengage Learning Customer & Sales Support, 1-800-354-9706 For permission to use material from this text or product, submit all requests online at Further permissions questions can be e-mailed to in CanadaPrint Number: 01 Print Year: 2015iiiBRiEF ContEntSCHAPtER1 Introduction to Statistics 1 CHAPtER2 Frequency Distributions 33 CHAPtER3 Central Tendency 67 CHAPtER4 Variability 99 CHAPtER5 z-Scores: Location of Scores and Standardized Distributions 131 CHAPtER6 Probability 159 CHAPtER7 Probability and Samples.

5 The Distribution of Sample Means 193 CHAPtER8 Introduction to Hypothesis Testing 223 CHAPtER9 Introduction to the t Statistic 267 CHAPtER 10 The t Test for Two Independent Samples 299 CHAPtER 11 The t Test for Two Related Samples 335 CHAPtER 12 Introduction to Analysis of Variance 365 CHAPtER 13 Repeated-Measures Analysis of Variance 413 CHAPtER 14 Two-Factor Analysis of Variance (Independent Measures) 447 CHAPtER 15 Correlation 485 CHAPtER 16 Introduction to Regression 529 CHAPtER 17 The Chi-Square Statistic: Tests for Goodness of Fit and Independence 559 CHAPtER 18 The Binomial Test 603iiivCHAPtER 1 Introduction to Statistics 1 PREVIEW Statistics, Science, and Observations Data Structures, Research Methods, and Statistics Variables and Measurement Statistical Notation 25 Summary 29 Focus on Problem Solving 30 Demonstration 30 Problems 31 CHAPtER 2 Frequency Distributions 33 PREVIEW 342.

6 1 Frequency Distributions and Frequency Distribution Tables Grouped Frequency Distribution Tables Frequency Distribution Graphs Percentiles, Percentile Ranks, and Interpolation Stem and Leaf Displays 56 Summary 58 Focus on Problem Solving 59 Demonstration 60 Demonstration 61 Problems 62 ContEntSvCHAPtER 3 Central Tendency 67 PREVIEW Overview The Mean The Median The Mode Selecting a Measure of Central Tendency Central Tendency and the Shape of the Distribution 92 Summary 94 Focus on Problem Solving 95 Demonstration 96 Problems 96 CHAPtER 4 Variability 99 PREVIEW Introduction to Variability Defining

7 Standard Deviation and Variance Measuring Variance and Standard Deviation for a Population Measuring Standard Deviation and Variance for a Sample Sample Variance as an Unbiased Statistic More about Variance and Standard Deviation 119 Summary 125 Focus on Problem Solving 127 Demonstration 128 Problems 128 CHAPtER 5z-Scores: Location of Scores and Standardized Distributions 131 PREVIEW Introduction to z-Scores z-Scores and Locations in a Distribution Other Relationships Between z, X, , and 138vi Using z-Scores to Standardize a Distribution Other Standardized Distributions Based on z-Scores Computing z-Scores for Samples Looking Ahead to Inferential Statistics 150 Summary 153 Focus on Problem Solving 154 Demonstration 155 Demonstration 155 Problems 156 CHAPtER 6 Probability 159 PREVIEW Introduction to Probability Probability and the Normal Distribution Probabilities and Proportions for Scores from a Normal Distribution Probability

8 And the Binomial Distribution Looking Ahead to Inferential Statistics 184 Summary 186 Focus on Problem Solving 187 Demonstration 188 Demonstration 188 Problems 189 CHAPtER 7 Probability and Samples: The Distribution of Sample Means 193 PREVIEW Samples, Populations, and the Distribution of Sample Means 1947. 2 The Distribution of Sample Means for any Population and any Sample Size 1997. 3 Probability and the Distribution of Sample Means 2067. 4 More about Standard Error 2107. 5 Looking Ahead to Inferential Statistics 215 CONTENTS viiSummary 219 Focus on Problem Solving 219 Demonstration 220 Problems 221 CHAPtER 8 Introduction to Hypothesis Testing 223 PREVIEW The Logic of Hypothesis Testing Uncertainty and Errors in Hypothesis Testing More about Hypothesis Tests Directional (One-Tailed) Hypothesis Tests Concerns about Hypothesis Testing.

9 Measuring Effect Size Statistical Power 254 Summary 260 Focus on Problem Solving 261 Demonstration 262 Demonstration 263 Problems 263 CHAPtER 9 Introduction to the t Statistic 267 PREVIEW The t Statistic: An Alternative to z Hypothesis Tests with the t Statistic Measuring Effect Size for the t Statistic Directional Hypotheses and One-Tailed Tests 288 Summary 291 Focus on Problem Solving 293 Demonstration 293 Demonstration 294 Problems 295viii CONTENTSCHAPtER 10 The t Test for Two Independent Samples 299 PREVIEW Introduction to the Independent-Measures Design The Null Hypothesis and the Independent-Measures t Statistic Hypothesis Tests with the Independent-Measures t Statistic Effect Size and Confidence Intervals for the Independent-Measures

10 T The Role of Sample Variance and Sample Size in the Independent-Measures t Te s t 32 2 Summary 325 Focus on Problem Solving 327 Demonstration 328 Demonstration 329 Problems 329 CHAPtER 11 The t Test for Two Related Samples 335 PREVIEW Introduction to Repeated-Measures Designs The t Statistic for a Repeated-Measures Research Design Hypothesis Tests for the Repeated-Measures Design Effect Size and Confidence Intervals for the Repeated-Measures t Comparing Repeated- and Independent-Measures Designs 352 Summary 355 Focus on Problem Solving 358 Demonstration 358 Demonstration 359 Problems 360 CHAPtER 12 Introduction to Analysis of Variance 365 PREVIEW 36612.