GENERAL CHEMISTRY REFERENCE SHEET

1 GENERAL CHEMISTRY REFERENCE SHEET 5/2/14. Common Metric Prefixes and Units Charge Formula Name Unit Symbol Conversions 1- ClO4- perchlorate ion meter m 1 m = inches ClO3- chlorate ion centimeter cm 1 inch = cm ClO2- chlorite ion exactly ClO- hypochlorite ion Angstrom 1 = 1 x 10-10 m MnO4- permanganate ion gram g 1 g = lb H2PO4- dihydrogen phosphate ion liter L 1 L = 1000 cm3 C2H3O2- acetate ion = qt (or CH3 COO-). Kelvin K K = oC + 2- O2- oxide ion kilo k 103 S2- sulfide ion deci d 10-1 SO42- sulfate ion centi c 10-2 SO32- sulfite ion milli m 10-3 CO32- carbonate ion micro 10-6 Cr2O72- dichromate ion nano n 10-9 HPO42- hydrogen phosphate pico p 10-12 3- PO43- phosphate ion Nomenclature Other Compounds Common Cations Formula Name Charge Formula Name H 2O water 1+ H+ hydrogen ion NH3 ammonia H3O+ hydronium ion CH4 methane (natural gas).

2 Alkali metal+ alkali metal ion NH4+ ammonium ion O3 ozone Ag+ silver ion H 2O 2 hydrogen peroxide Cu+ copper(I) H2, N2, O2, F2, Cl2, diatomic molecules 2+ Alkaline earth alkaline earth metal ion Br2, I2. metal2+ He, Ne, Ar Noble gases Zn2+ zinc ion Co2+ cobalt(II). Cu2+ copper(II). Fe2+ iron(II) Acids Mn2+ manganese(II) Formula Name Hg22+ mercury(I) HNO3 nitric acid (strong). Hg2+ mercury(II) H2SO4 sulfuric acid (strong). Ni2+ nickel(II) HCl hydrochloric acid (strong). Pb2+ lead(II) HBr hydrobromic acid (strong).

3 Sn2+ tin(II) HI hydroiodic acid (strong). 3+ Al3+ aluminum ion HClO4 perchloric acid (strong). Cr3+ chromium(III) H3PO4 phosphoric acid (weak). Fe3+ iron(III) H2CO3 carbonic acid (weak). Common Anions HC2H3O2 (or acetic acid (weak). Charge Formula Name CH3 COOH). 1- H- hydride ion HF hydrofluoric acid F- fluoride ion Cl- chloride ion Bases Br- bromide ion Formula Name I- iodide ion NaOH sodium hydroxide (strong). CN- cyanide ion KOH potassium hydroxide (strong). OH- hydroxide ion Mg(OH)2 magnesium hydroxide (strong).

4 NO3- nitrate Ca(OH)2 calcium hydroxide (strong). NO2- nitrite NH3 ammonia (weak). HCO3- hydrogen carbonate or NR3 other amines (weak). bicarbonate ion HSO4- hydrogen sulfate ion GENERAL CHEMISTRY REFERENCE SHEET 5/2/14. Alkanes (CnH2n+2). Formula Name CH4 methane C2H6 ethane C3H8 propane C4H10 butane C5H12 pentane C6H14 hexane C7H16 heptane C8H18 octane C9H20 nonane C10H22 decane Electrolytes and Dissociation Electrolytic Behavior Strong Weak Non- Electrolyte Electrolyte electrolyte Complete Partial Dissociation none ( ) ( ).

5 Soluble Ionic all none none Compounds Molecular strong weak acids all others Compounds acids and bases A Few Solubility Rules Solubility Guidelines for Ionic Compounds in Water Soluble when containing: Exceptions: Alkali metal ions none (group 1A). NH4+ none NO3- none C2H3O2- (or CH3 COO-) none - - - Cl , Br , I Ag+, Hg22+, Pb2+. Insoluble when containing: Exceptions: Ions with charges 2+/- or see above higher*. * There are many exceptions.