Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction

1 GENOCIDEG enocide: A Comprehensive Introductionis the most wide-ranging textbook on geno-cide yet published. The book is designed as a text for upper-undergraduate andgraduate students, as well as a primer for non-specialists and general readers interestedin learning about one of humanity s enduring the course of sixteen chapters, genocide scholar Adam Jones: Provides an Introduction to genocide as both a historical phenomenon and ananalytical-legal concept. Discusses the role of imperalism, war, and social revolution in fueling genocide. Supplies no fewer than seven full-length case studies of genocides worldwide, eachwith an accompanying box-text. Explores perspectives on genocide from the social sciences, including psychology,sociology, anthropology, political science/international relations, and genderstudies.

2 Considers The Future of Genocide, with attention to historical memory andgenocide denial; initiatives for truth, justice, and redress; and strategies ofintervention and in clear and lively prose, liberally sprinkled with illustrations and personaltestimonies from genocide survivors, Genocide: A Comprehensive Introductionisdestined to become a core text of the new generation of genocide scholarship. Anaccompanying website ( ) features a broad selection ofsupplementary materials, teaching aids, and Internet Jones, is currently Associate Research Fellow in the Genocide StudiesProgram at Yale University. His recent publications include the edited volumesGendercide and Genocide(2004) and Genocide, War Crimes and the West: History andComplicity(2004).

3 He is co-founder and executive director of Gendercide Watch( ).GENOCIDEA Comprehensive IntroductionAdam JonesFirst published 2006by Routledge2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4 RNSimultaneously published in the USA and Canadaby Routledge270 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10016 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business 2006 Adam JonesAll rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the Library Cataloguing in Publication DataA catalogue record for this book is available from the British LibraryLibrary of Congress Cataloging in Publication DataJones, Adam, 1963 Genocide : a Comprehensive Introduction / Adam bibliographical references and 0 415 35384 X (pbk.)

4 : alk. paper) ISBN 0 415 35385 8 (hardback : alk. paper) 1. Genocide. 2. Genocide Case studies. I. 63 dc222005030424 ISBN10: 0 415 35385 8 ISBN13: 978 0 415 35385 4 (hbk)ISBN10: 0 415 35384 XISBN13: 978 0 415 35384 7 (pbk)ISBN10: 0 203 34744 7 ISBN13: 978 0 203 34744 7 (ebk)This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2006. To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge scollection of thousands of eBooks please go to For Jo and David Jones, givers of life,and for Dr. Griselda Ram rez Reyes, saver of let us not talk falsely now, the hour is getting Dylan, All Along the Watchtower CONTENTSList of illustrationsxiiiAbout the authorxvIntroductionxviiiPART 1 OVERVIEW11 The Origins of Genocide3 Genocide in prehistory, antiquity, and early modernity3 The Vend e uprising6 Zulu genocide7 Naming genocide: Raphael Lemkin8 Defining genocide: The UN Convention12 Bounding genocide: Comparative genocide studies14 Discussion19 Personal observations22 Contested cases23 Atlantic slavery23 Area bombing and nuclear warfare24UN sanctions against Iraq259/1126 Structural and institutional violence27Is genocide ever justified?

5 28 Suggestions for further study31 Notes322 Imperialism, War, and Social Revolution39 Imperialism and colonialism39 colonial and imperial genocides40 Imperial famines41 The Congo rubber terror 42 The Japanese in East and Southeast Asia44 The US in Indochina46viiThe Soviets in Afghanistan47A note on genocide and imperial dissolution48 Genocide and war48 The First World War and the dawn of industrial death51 The Second World War and the barbarization of warfare 53 Genocide and social revolution55 The nuclear revolution and omnicide 56 Suggestions for further study59 Notes60 PART 2 CASES653 Genocides of Indigenous Peoples67 Introduction67 Colonialism and the discourse of extinction68 The conquest of the Americas70 Spanish America70 The United States and Canada72 Other genocidal strategies75A contemporary case.

6 The Maya of Guatemala77 Australia s Aborigines and the Namibian Herero78 Genocide in Australia78 The Herero genocide80 Denying genocide, celebrating genocide81 Complexities and caveats83 Indigenous revival85 Suggestions for further study87 Notes894 The Armenian Genocide101 Introduction101 Origins of the genocide102 War, massacre, and deportation105 The course of the Armenian genocide106 The aftermath112 The denial113 Suggestions for further study115 Notes1165 Stalin s Terror124 The Bolsheviks seize power125 Collectivization and famine127 The Gulag128 CONTENTS viiiThe Great Purge of 1937 38129 The war years131 The destruction of national minorities134 Stalin and genocide135 Suggestions for further study137 Notes1386 The Jewish Holocaust147 Introduction147 Origins148 Ordinary Germans and the Nazis150 The turn to mass murder151 Debating the Holocaust157 Intentionalists vs.

7 Functionalists157 Jewish resistance158 The Allies and the churches: Could the Jews have been saved?159 Willing executioners?160 Israel and the Jewish Holocaust161Is the Jewish Holocaust uniquely unique ?162 Suggestions for further study163 Notes1657 Cambodia and the Khmer Rouge185 Origins of the Khmer Rouge185 War and revolution, 1970 75188A genocidal ideology190A policy of urbicide , 1975192 Base people vs. new people 194 Cambodia s holocaust, 1975 79195 Genocide against Buddhists and ethnic minorities199 Aftermath: Politics and the quest for justice200 Suggestions for further study202 Notes2028 Bosnia and Kosovo212 Origins and onset212 Gendercide and genocide in Bosnia216 The international dimension219 Kosovo, 1998 99220 Aftermaths222 Suggestions for further study224 Notes224 CONTENTSix9 Holocaust in Rwanda232 Introduction .

8 Horror and shame232 Background to genocide233 Genocidal frenzy238 Aftermath245 Suggestions for further study246 Notes247 PART 3 SOCIAL SCIENCE PERSPECTIVES25910 Psychological Perspectives261 Narcissism, greed, and fear262 Narcissism262 Greed264 Fear265 Genocide and humiliation268 The psychology of perpetrators270 The Zimbardo experiments274 The psychology of rescuers275 Suggestions for further study281 Notes28211 The Sociology and Anthropology of Genocide288 Introduction288 Sociological perspectives289 The sociology of modernity289 Ethnicity and ethnic conflict291 Ethnic conflict and violence specialists 293 Middleman minorities 294 Anthropological perspectives296 Suggestions for further study301 Notes30212 Political Science and International Relations307 Empirical investigations307 The changing face of war311 Democracy, war.

9 And genocide/democide314 Norms and prohibition regimes316 Suggestions for further study320 Notes321 CONTENTSx13 Gendering Genocide325 Gendercide vs. root-and-branch genocide326 Women and genocide329 Gendercidal institutions330 Genocide and violence against homosexuals331 Are men more genocidal than women?332A note on gendered propaganda334 Suggestions for further study336 Notes337 PART 4 THE FUTURE OF GENOCIDE34314 Memory, Forgetting, and Denial345 The struggle over historical memory345 Germany and the search for a usable past 349 The politics of forgetting350 Genocide denial: Motives and strategies351 Denial and free speech354 Suggestions for further study358 Notes35815 Justice, Truth, and Redress362 Leipzig, Constantinople, Nuremberg, Tokyo363 The international criminal tribunals: Yugoslavia and Rwanda366 Jurisdictional issues367 The concept of a victim group367 Gender and genocide367 National trials368 The mixed tribunals : Cambodia and Sierra Leone370 Another kind of justice.

10 Rwanda s gacacaexperiment370 The Pinochet case371 The International Criminal Court (ICC)373 International citizens tribunals375 Truth and reconciliation377 The challenge of redress379 Suggestions for further study381 Notes38216 Strategies of Intervention and Prevention388 Warning signs389 Humanitarian intervention392 CONTENTSxiSanctions393 The United Nations394 When is military intervention justified?395A standing peace army ?396 Ideologies and individuals398 The role of the honest witness398 Ideologies, religious and secular400 Conclusion404 Suggestions for further study404 Notes405 Index410 CONTENTSxii genocide: Belgian King Leopold and the soldiers go over the top at the Battle of the Somme, bomb explosion at Nagasaki, Cerro Rico silver-mines in Potos , Indian corpses from the Wounded Knee massacre, of indigenous revival in Yucat n, men being deported from Harput for mass killing, May refugees, supporter of Stalin and Lenin carries their portraits in Red of a gas chamber and crematorium complex at burial of corpses at Bergen-Belsen concentration camp, A Soviet prisoner-of-war is dispatched to the rear of Cambodians incarcerated and killed at Tuol Sleng prison, Phnom grave at Pilice.