GREEN CHEMISTRY - asdlib.org

1 GREEN CHEMISTRY . Air Wat Life er g y lo Ea o n r th ch T e AND THE TEN COMMANDMENTS OF. SUSTAINABILITY. Stanley E. Manahan ChemChar Research, Inc. 2005. THE ELEMENTS. Atomic Atomic Atomic Atomic number Name Symbol mass number Name Symbol mass 1 Hydrogen H 57 Lanthanum La 2 Helium He 58 Cerium Ce 3 Lithium Li 59 Praseodymium Pr 4 Beryllium Be 60 Neodymium Nd 5 Boron B 61 Promethium Pm 145. 6 Carbon C 62 Samarium Sm 7 Nitrogen N 63 Europium Eu 8 Oxygen O 64 Gadolinium Gd 9 Fluorine F 65 Terbium Tb 10 Neon Ne 66 Dysprosium Dy 11 Sodium Na 67 Holmium Ho 12 Magnesium Mg 68 Erbium Er 13 Aluminum Al 69 Thulium Tm 14 Silicon Si 70 Ytterbium Yb 15 Phosphorus P 71 Lutetium Lu 16 Sulfur S 72 Hafnium Hf 17 Chlorine Cl 73 Tantalum Ta 18 Argon Ar 74 Tungsten W 19 Potassium K 75 Rhenium Re 20 Calcium Ca 76 Osmium Os 21 Scandium Sc 77 Iridium Ir 22 Titanium Ti 78 Platinum Pt 23 Vanadium V 79 Gold Au 24 Chromium Cr 80 Mercury Hg 25 Manganese Mn 81 Thallium Tl 26 Iron Fe 82 Lead Pb 27 Cobalt Co 83 Bismuth Bi 28 Nickel Ni 84 Polonium Po 209.

2 29 Copper Cu 85 Astatine At 210. 30 Zinc Zn 86 Radon Rn 222. 31 Gallium Ga 87 Francium Fr 223. 32 Germanium Ge 88 Radium Ra 33 Arsenic As 89 Actinium Ac 34 Selenium Se 90 Thorium Th 35 Bromine Br 91 Protactinium Pa 36 Krypton Kr 92 Uranium U 37 Rubidium Rb 93 Neptunium Np 38 Strontium Sr 94 Plutonium Pu 244. 39 Yttrium Y 95 Americium Am 243. 40 Zirconium Zr 96 Curium Cm 247. 41 Niobium Nb 97 Berkelium Bk 247. 42 Molybdenum Mo 98 Californium Cf 251. 43 Technetium Tc 98 99 Einsteinium Es 252. 44 Ruthenium Ru 100 Fermium Fm 45 Rhodium Rh 101 Mendelevium Md 46 Palladium Pd 102 Nobelium No 255. 47 Silver Ag 103 Lawrencium Lr 260. 48 Cadmium Cd 104 Rutherfordium Rf 49 Indium In 105 Dubnium Db 50 Tin Sn 106 Seaborgium Sg 51 Antimony Sb 107 Bohrium Bh 52 Tellurium Te 108 Hassium Hs 265.

3 53 Iodine I 109 Meitnerium Mt 266. _____. 54 Xenon Xe 1. 55 Cesium Cs Elements above atomic number 92 have been 56 Barium Ba made artificially. GREEN CHEMISTRY . AND THE TEN COMMANDMENTS. OF SUSTAINABILITY. 2nd ed Stanley E. Manahan 2006. ChemChar Research, Inc Publishers Columbia, Missouri Copyright 2006 by Stanley E. Manahan All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. ChemChar Research, Inc. 2005 Woodlea Drive Columbia, MO 65201 International Standard Book Number: 0-9749522-4-9.

4 Printed in the United States of America TABLE OF CONTENTS. Chapter 1. CHEMISTRY , GREEN CHEMISTRY , and Environmental CHEMISTRY .. 1. CHEMISTRY Is Good .. 1. The Environment and the Five Environmental Spheres .. 3. What Is Environmental CHEMISTRY ? .. 5. Environmental Pollution .. 5. What Is GREEN CHEMISTRY ? .. 9. GREEN CHEMISTRY and Synthetic CHEMISTRY .. 10. Reduction of Risk: Hazard and Exposure .. 12. The Risks of No Risks .. 14. Waste Prevention .. 1 5. Basic Principles of GREEN CHEMISTRY .. 16. Some Things to Know About CHEMISTRY before You Even Start .. 17. Combining Atoms to Make Molecules and Compounds .. 18. The Process of Making and Breaking Chemical Bonds: Chemical Reactions.

5 20. The Nature of Matter and States of Matter .. 22. Chapter 2. The Elements: Basic Building Blocks of GREEN Chemicals .. 27. Elements, Atoms, and Atomic Theory .. 27. Hydrogen, the Simplest Atom .. 30. Helium, the First Noble Gas .. 33. Lithium, the First Metal .. 35. The Second Period of the Periodic Table .. 36. The Special Significance of the Octet of 8 Outer Shell Electrons .. 33. Completing the 20-Element Periodic Table .. 44. The Brief Periodic Table Is Complete .. 49. Chapter 3. Compounds: Safer Materials for a Safer World .. 55. Chemical Bonds and Compound Formation .. 55. Electrons Involved in Chemical Bonds and Octets of Electrons.

6 57. Sodium Chloride and Ionic Bonds .. 58. i Covalent Bonds in H2 and Other Molecules .. 64. Covalent Bonds in Compounds .. 64. Covalent Bonds and GREEN CHEMISTRY .. 65. Predicting Covalently Bound Compounds .. 67. Chemical Formulas, the Mole, and Percentage Composition .. 71. What Are Chemical Compounds Called? .. 73. Acids, Bases, and Salts .. 74. Chapter 4. Chemical Reactions: Making Materials Safely Without Damaging the Environment .. 81. Describing What Happens With Chemical Equations .. 81. Balancing Chemical Equations .. 83. Just Because You Can Write It Does Not Mean That It Will Happen .. 84. Yield and Atom Economy in Chemical Reactions.

7 86. Catalysts That Make Reactions Go .. 87. Kinds of Chemical Reactions .. 88. Oxidation-Reduction Reactions and GREEN CHEMISTRY .. 90. Quantitative Information from Chemical Reactions .. 93. Stoichiometry By the Mole Ratio Method .. 95. Limiting Reactant and Percent Yield .. 97. Titrations: Measuring Moles By Volumes of Solution .. 98. Industrial Chemical Reactions: The Solvay Process .. 102. Chapter 5. The Wonderful World Of Carbon: Organic CHEMISTRY and Biochemicals .. 109. Rings and Chains of Carbon Atoms .. 109. Compounds of Carbon and Hydrogen: Hydrocarbons .. 110. Lines Showing Organic Structural Formulas .. 116. Functional Groups.

8 118. Giant Molecules from Small Organic Molecules .. 123. Life Chemicals .. 126. Carbohydrates .. 127. Proteins .. 128. Lipids: Fats, Oils, and Hormones .. 129. Nucleic Acids .. 131. ii Chapter 6. Energy Relationships .. 133. Energy .. 133. Radiant Energy from the Sun .. 136. Storage and Release of Energy By Chemicals .. 140. Energy Sources .. 142. Conversions Between Forms of Energy .. 144. GREEN Engineering and Energy Conversion Efficiency .. 147. Conversion of Chemical Energy .. 148. Renewable Energy Sources .. 150. Nuclear Energy: Will it Rise Again? .. 155. Chapter 7. Water, the Ultimate GREEN Solvent: Its Uses and Environmental CHEMISTRY .

9 159. H2O: Simple Formula, Complex Molecule .. 162. Important Properties of Water .. 162. Water Distribution and Supply .. 163. Bodies of Water and Life in Water .. 164. Chemical Processes in Water .. 167. Fizzy Water from Underground .. 168. (Weak) Acid from the Sky .. 169. Why Natural Waters Contain Alkalinity and Calcium .. 170. Metals in Water .. 171. Water Interactions with Other Phases .. 171. Heavy Metal Water Pollutants .. 173. Inorganic Water Pollutants .. 175. Organic Water Pollutants .. 177. Pesticides in Water .. 179. Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) .. 183. Radioactive Substances in Water .. 185. Water Treatment .. 185. Chapter 8.

10 Air and the Atmosphere .. 195. More Than Just Air to Breathe .. 195. Atmospheric CHEMISTRY and Photochemical Reactions .. 199. iii Energy and Mass Transfer in the Atmosphere .. 201. Atmospheric Oxygen and Nitrogen .. 204. Atmospheric Pollutant Particles .. 205. Pollutant Gaseous Oxides .. 207. Acid Rain .. 210. Miscellaneous Gases in the Atmosphere .. 212. CO2: The Ultimate Air Pollutant? .. 213. Photochemical Smog .. 217. Chapter 9. The Biosphere: How the Revolution in Biology Relates to GREEN CHEMISTRY .. 223. GREEN CHEMISTRY and the Biosphere .. 223. Biology and the Biosphere .. 224. Cells: Basic Units of Life .. 227. Metabolism and Control in Organisms.