GSA GEOLOGIC TIME SCALE v. 5

1 GSA GEOLOGIC time SCALE v. CENOZOIC MESOZOIC PALEOZOIC PRECAMBRIAN. MAGNETIC MAGNETIC BDY. AGE POLARITY PICKS AGE POLARITY PICKS AGE PICKS AGE. PERIOD EPOCH AGE PERIOD EPOCH AGE PERIOD EPOCH AGE EON ERA PERIOD AGES. CHRON. CHRON. (Ma) (Ma) (Ma) (Ma). ANOM. (Ma) (Ma) (Ma). ANOM. HIST. HIST. (Ma). HOLOCENE 1 C1 QUATER- 30 C30 541. CALABRIAN. NARY PLEISTOCENE* 31 C31 MAASTRICHTIAN EDIACARAN. 2 C2 GELASIAN. 70 Lopin- CHANGHSINGIAN PIACENZIAN 32 C32 635. 2A C2A. PLIOCENE gian WUCHIAPINGIAN. CRYOGENIAN. ZANCLEAN 260 720. 33. CAPITANIAN NEOPRO- PERMIAN. 5 3 C3. CAMPANIAN Guada- 750. CRETACEOUS. C33. 80 WORDIAN TEROZOIC. 3A C3A MESSINIAN LATE lupian ROADIAN TONIAN. 4. SANTONIAN KUNGURIAN. C4 280 ~ NEOGENE. 4A CONIACIAN Cisura- C4A TORTONIAN 90 1000 1000.

2 PROTEROZOIC. 10 TURONIAN ARTINSKIAN. 5 lian C5 MIOCENE. CENOMANIAN SAKMARIAN STENIAN. SERRAVALLIAN 34 C34 ASSELIAN 5A 100 300 GZHELIAN 1200. C5A. LATE CARBONIFEROUS. PENNSYL- KASIMOVIAN 1250 MESOPRO- VANIAN. 15 5B C5B LANGHIAN ALBIAN MOSCOVIAN ECTASIAN. MIDDLE TEROZOIC. 5C C5C. 110 1400. 5D C5D ~113 320 EARLY BASHKIRIAN. BURDIGALIAN 5E C5E. LATE SERPUKHOVIAN 1500 CALYMMIAN. 6 C6. 120 APTIAN 20 SIPPIAN. MISSIS- 6A C6A EARLY 1600. M0r 6B C6B AQUITANIAN M1 ~125 340 MIDDLE VISEAN. M3 BARREMIAN STATHERIAN. 6C C6C 130 M5 ~ 1750. HAUTERIVIAN EARLY TOURNAISIAN 1800. OLIGOCENE. 7 C7 ~ 25 7A C7A M10 8 C8 CHATTIAN VALANGINIAN. M12 360. TERTIARY. 140 M14 ~ FAMENNIAN OROSIRIAN. 9 C9 M16. BERRIASIAN 2000. M18 PALEOPRO- DEVONIAN. 10 C10 LATE. M20 ~ ~ 2050.

3 30 11 C11 TEROZOIC. 150 M22 TITHONIAN FRASNIAN. 380. 12. C12. RUPELIAN LATE ~ ~ RHYACIAN. M25 JURASSIC KIMMERIDGIAN GIVETIAN ~ MIDDLE 2250. M29 ~ EIFELIAN ~ 2300. 13 C13 160 OXFORDIAN. 35 15 C15 ~ 400 EMSIAN SIDERIAN. 16 C16 PRIABONIAN CALLOVIAN. RAPID POLARITY CHANGES. ~ ~ 17. BATHONIAN ~ EARLY PRAGIAN. C17 170 MIDDLE. BAJOCIAN ~ 2500 2500. ~ AALENIAN LOCHKOVIAN. PALEOGENE. 18 ~ ~ C18 BARTONIAN 420 PRIDOLI ~ ORDOVICIAN SILURIAN. 40 LUDFORDIAN NEOARCHEAN. 19 LUDLOW ~ C19 180 TOARCIAN GORSTIAN. HOMERIAN. ~ WENLOCK ~ 2750. EOCENE. SHEINWOODIAN. 20 ~ ~ 2800. TELYCHIAN. LLANDO- ~ C20. EARLY. PLIENSBACHIAN 440 AERONIAN ~ LUTETIAN VERY. ARCHEAN. 45 190 RHUDDANIAN ~ ~ HIRNANTIAN. ~ KATIAN MESO- SINEMURIAN LATE ~ 3000. 21. C21 SANDBIAN ARCHEAN.

4 200 ~ ~ HETTANGIAN ~ 460. DARRIWILIAN. 22 C22 MIDDLE ~ 50 RHAETIAN DAPINGIAN 3200. ~ 3250. 23 C23. YPRESIAN ~ FLOIAN. TRIASSIC. 210. EARLY ~ 480 TREMADOCIAN. 24 PALEO- ~ 55. C24 LATE NORIAN FURON- AGE 10. ~ ARCHEAN. 220 JIANGSHANIAN. GIAN ~494 3500. PAIBIAN ~497. PALEOCENE. 25. C25. THANETIAN 500 CAMBRIAN GUZHANGIAN ~ 3600. ~227 Epoch 3 DRUMIAN. 26. 230 ~ AGE 5. C26 ~509. 60 SELANDIAN CARNIAN AGE 4. 3750. ~514. ~237. Epoch 2. AGE 3 EOARCHEAN. 27 520. C27 240 MIDDLE. LADINIAN ~521. ~242 AGE 2. 28 C28. DANIAN ANISIAN TERRE- ~529 4000 4000. 65. 29 NEUVIAN FORTUNIAN. C29. EARLY OLENEKIAN HADEAN. 250 540 30 C30 INDUAN Walker, , Geissman, , Bowring, , and Babcock, , compilers, 2018, GEOLOGIC time SCALE v. : Geological Society of America, 2018 The Geological Society of America *The Pleistocene is divided into four ages, but only two are shown here.

5 What is shown as Calabrian is actually three ages Calabrian from to Ma, Middle from to Ma, and Late from to Ma. The Cenozoic, Mesozoic, and Paleozoic are the Eras of the Phanerozoic Eon. Names of units and age boundaries usually follow the Gradstein et al. (2012), Cohen et al. (2012) , and Cohen et al. (2013, updated) compilations. Numerical age estimates and picks of boundaries usually follow the Cohen et al. (2013, updated) compilation. The numbered epochs and ages of the Cambrian are provisional. A ~ before a numerical age estimate typically indicates an associated error of to over Ma. REFERENCES CITED. Cohen, , Finney, S., and Gibbard, , 2012, International Chronostratigraphic Chart: International Commission on Stratigraphy, (accessed May 2012).

6 (Chart reproduced for the 34th International Geological Congress, Brisbane, Australia, 5 10 August 2012.). Cohen, , Finney, , Gibbard, , and Fan, , 2013, The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart: Episodes v. 36, no. 3, p. 199 204 (updated 2017, v. 2, ; accessed May 2018). Gradstein, , Ogg, , Schmitz, , et al., 2012, The GEOLOGIC time SCALE 2012: Boston, USA, Elsevier, Previous versions of the time SCALE and previously published papers about the time SCALE and its evolution are posted to