Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality

1 Guidelines for Drinking-water QualityTHIRD EDITIONINCORPORATING THE FIRST AND SECONDADDENDAV olume 1 RecommendationsGeneva2008 WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication DataGuidelines for Drinking-water Quality [electronic resource]:incorporating 1st and 2nd addenda, , Recommendations. 3rd Potable water water water Quality Health 978 92 4 154761 1(WEB version)(NLM classification: WA 675) World Health Organization 2008 All rights reserved. Publications of the World Health Organization can be obtained from WHO Press, WorldHealth Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland (tel.:+41 22 791 3264; fax:+41 22 7914857; e-mail: Requests for permission to reproduce or translate WHO publications whether for sale or for noncommercial distribution should be addressed to WHO Press, at the aboveaddress (fax:+41 22 791 4806; e-mail: designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expres-sion of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal statusof any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers orboundaries.))

2 Dotted lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers products does not imply that they areendorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar naturethat are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguishedby initial capital reasonable precautions have been taken by the World Health Organization to verify the informationcontained in this publication. However, the published material is being distributed without warranty of anykind, either expressed or implied.

3 The responsibility for the interpretation and use of the material lies withthe reader. In no event shall the World Health Organization be liable for damages arising from its and abbreviations used in textxx1. considerations and and responsibilities in Drinking-water safety and Quality health resource supply documentation to the Guidelines182. The Guidelines : a framework for safe for safe Drinking-water : assessment and plans, documentation and of Drinking-water quality28 Guidelines FOR Drinking-water for water water Drinking-water , regulations and national priority Drinking-water Quality microbial chemical priorities353.

4 Health-based and purpose of health-based of health-based technology Quality outcome considerations in establishing health-based of risk in the framework for safe level of life-years (DALYs)454. water safety assessment and and evaluating available and source distribution , community and household and monitoring and maintaining system control operational monitoring operational and critical , community and household of microbial of chemical distribution for community-managed assurance and Quality procedures for piped distribution incidents ( deviations ) [ in first addendum to third edition] a monitoring of community and household water and communication825.

5 Of approaches to specific areas in developing of community Drinking-water of household treatment and storage of (service level) and and with community and use of data966. Application of the Guidelines in specific risk surveillance and supporting Quality in health care Quality in schools and day care and guidelines107 Guidelines FOR Drinking-water inspections and catchment and radiological kits and Drinking-water for of packaged health benefits of bottled standards for bottled production and and risk risk water and and , sanitary inspection and risk Quality and health risk water supplies120h7.

6 Microbial hazards associated with drinking -water121 Guidelines FOR Drinking-water and growth in health target targets applied to microbial assessment performance target the outcome of performance in adapting risk-based performance target settingto national/local outcome and treatment of of microbial safety and of detection of faecal indicator local actions in response to microbial water Quality problems and water and water avoidance following an incident144cCONTENTSvii8. Chemical hazards in of chemical guideline guideline with effects on values for use in disinfection carbon treatment by-products process control for corrosion values for individual chemicals, by source occurring from industrial sources and human from agricultural used in water treatment or from materials in contact with used in water for public health local actions in response to chemical water Quality problems and for the to the right the the significance to public health and appropriate remedial action.

7 Preventing recurrence and updating the water safety water avoidance advisories196f9. Radiological and health effects of radiation exposure through health effects through drinking -water200 Guidelines FOR Drinking-water of radioactivity and radiation levels for radionuclides in and assessment for dissolved of Drinking-water for assessing in air and on radon in Drinking-water and control methods and technical , analysis and gross alpha and gross beta activityconcentrations207a[ in first addendum to third edition] of results20910. Acceptability , odour and derived derived of taste, odour and appearance Microbial fact (a)Enterobacter colipathogenic (a) aeruginosa237 Guidelines FOR Drinking-water A E and (a) (a)Free-living and index coliform coliand thermotolerant coliform plate viruses29412.

8 Chemical fact and acetic (a) hydrate (trichloroacetaldehyde) and (2-chlorophenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol,2,4,6-trichlorophenol ) ,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) , and ,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane (DBCP) ,2-Dibromoethane (ethylene dibromide) (1,2-dichlorobenzene, 1,3-dichlorobenzene,1,4-dichlorobenzene) , , , ,2-Dichloroethene355 Guidelines FOR Drinking-water ,2-Dichloropropane (1,2-DCP) , , (2,4-DP) (2-ethylhexyl) (2-ethylhexyl) (a) 1, acid (EDTA) (2,4,5-TP; 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy propionic acid) and acetonitriles (dichloroacetonitrile,dibromoacetonitril e, bromochloroacetonitrile,trichloroacetoni trile) and heptachlor (HCB) (HCBD) [4-(2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxy)acetic acid] (MCPP.)

9 [2(2-methyl-chlorophenoxy) propionicacid]) parathion404 Guidelines FOR Drinking-water (a)Methyl tertiary-butyl ether (MTBE) FOR Drinking-water and acid (NTA) (a)N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) (PCP) (a) Petroleum 2-Phenylphenol and its sodium Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) (a)Sodium 2,4,5-T (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid) Terbuthylazine (TBA) Total dissolved solids (TDS) Trichloroacetic Trichlorobenzenes (total) 1,1, Trihalomethanes (bromoform, bromodichloromethane,dibromochloromethan e, chloroform) Vinyl chloride456 Guidelines FOR Drinking-water Pesticides used for vector control in Drinking-water sources and Pyriproxyfen460eCONTENTS xiiiAnnex 1 Bibliography461 Annex 2 Contributors to the development of the third edition of theGuidelines for Drinking-water Quality467[Annex 3 Deleted in first addendum to third edition]

10 Annex 4 Chemical summary tables488 Index494xvPrefaceAccess to safe Drinking-water is essential to health, a basic human right and a com-ponent of effective policy for health importance of water , sanitation and hygiene for health and development hasbeen reflected in the outcomes of a series of international policy forums. These haveincluded health-oriented conferences such as the International Conference onPrimary Health Care, held in Alma-Ata, Kazakhstan (former Soviet Union), in have also included water -oriented conferences such as the 1977 World WaterConference in Mar del Plata, Argentina, which launched the water supply and sanita-tion decade of 1981 1990, as well as the Millennium Development Goals adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations (UN) in 2000 and the outcome of theJohannesburg World Summit for Sustainable Development in 2002.