HANDBOOK FORMULA BOOK - Engineers Institute

1 HANDBOOK & FORMULA BOOKforGATE, IES,JTO,PSU s& SSCELECTRONICSENGINEERINGP ublished by Engineers Institute of India 2017By Engineers Institute of IndiaALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by thecopyrightherein may be reproduced, transmitted, stored or used in any form or by anymeans graphic, electronic, or mechanical & chemical, including but notlimited to photocopying, recording, scanning, digitizing, taping, Webdistribution, information networks, or information storage and Institute of India28-B/7, Jia Sarai, Near IIT Hauz Khas New Delhi-110016 Tel: 011-26514888 For publication information, visit :978-93-5156-854-4 Price: WORD TO THE STUDENTSGATE and Engineering Services Examinations are themost prestigious competitive examinations conductedfor graduate Engineers . Over the past few years, theyhave become more competitive as more and morenumbers of aspirants are increasingly becominginterested in post graduate qualifications &government jobs for a secured and bright FORMULA Book consists ofwell-illustratedconcepts, importantformulae and diagrams, which will be highly beneficial at the last leg ofcandidate s includes all the subjects ofElectronicsEngineering, which arerequired for all type of competitive examinations.

2 Adequate emphasishas been laid down to all the major topics in the form of Tips / Notes,which will be highly lucrative for objective and short answer strategy and revision is a mandatory requirement for clearingany competitive examination. This book covers short notes andformulae book will help in quickrevision before the GATE,IES & all other book has been designed after considering the current demand would be very fruitful if the students go through this book every are presenting this book by considering all the facts which isrequired to get success in the best wishes for future careerR. K. RajeshDirectorEngineers Institute of and Engineering Services Examinations are themost prestigious competitive examinations conductedfor graduate Engineers . Over the past few years, theyhave become more competitive as more and morenumbers of aspirants are increasingly becominginterested in post graduate qualifications &government jobs for a secured and bright FORMULA Book consists ofwell-illustratedconcepts, importantformulae and diagrams, which will be highly beneficial at the last leg ofcandidate s includes all the subjects ofElectronicsEngineering, which arerequired for all type of competitive examinations.

3 Adequate emphasishas been laid down to all the major topics in the form of Tips / Notes,which will be highly lucrative for objective and short answer strategy and revision is a mandatory requirement for clearingany competitive examination. This book covers short notes andformulae book will help in quickrevision before the GATE,IES & all other book has been designed after considering the current demand would be very fruitful if the students go through this book every are presenting this book by considering all the facts which isrequired to get success in the best wishes for future careerR. K. RajeshDirectorEngineers Institute of and Engineering Services Examinations are themost prestigious competitive examinations conductedfor graduate Engineers . Over the past few years, theyhave become more competitive as more and morenumbers of aspirants are increasingly becominginterested in post graduate qualifications &government jobs for a secured and bright FORMULA Book consists ofwell-illustratedconcepts, importantformulae and diagrams, which will be highly beneficial at the last leg ofcandidate s includes all the subjects ofElectronicsEngineering, which arerequired for all type of competitive examinations.

4 Adequate emphasishas been laid down to all the major topics in the form of Tips / Notes,which will be highly lucrative for objective and short answer strategy and revision is a mandatory requirement for clearingany competitive examination. This book covers short notes andformulae book will help in quickrevision before the GATE,IES & all other book has been designed after considering the current demand would be very fruitful if the students go through this book every are presenting this book by considering all the facts which isrequired to get success in the best wishes for future careerR. K. RajeshDirectorEngineers Institute of book is dedicated to allElectronicsEngineersPreparingfor GATE,IES,JTO,SSC& Public ELECTRONICS AND DEVICES & AND AND ORGANIZATION ..337-364 Why IES?

5 IndianEngineering Services (IES) constitute of Engineers that work under thegovt. of India to manage a large segment of public sector economy whichconstitutes of Railroads, Publicworks, Power, Telecommunications, etc. IESremain the most sought-after careers for the engineering graduates in India. Acombined competitive examination is conducted by UPSC for recruitment tothe Indian Engineering Services. The exam constitutes of a written examfollowed by an interview for personality GATE?In the present competitive scenario, where there is mushrooming ofuniversities and engineering colleges, the only yardstick to measureand testthecalibreof engineering students is GATE AdvantageMany public sector undertakings such as BHEL, IOCL, NTPC, BPCL, HPCL, BARCand many more PSUs are using the GATE score for selecting candidates fortheir organizations.

6 Students who qualify in GATE are entitled to a stipend ofRs8,000 per month during their course. Better remuneration is beingoffered for students of as compared to those pursuing good rank assures a good at IITs and IISc, one canlook at a salary packageranging fromRs 7lakh to 30lakh per annum dependingupon specialization and performance. QualifyingGATE with good marksis alsoan eligibility clause for the award of JRF in CSIR BOOK1. NETWORK THEORY[1]Published by: Engineers Institute OF INDIA. ALL OF ANALYSIS AND FUNDAMENTALS AND R, L, C PORT COUPLED BOOK1. NETWORK THEORY[2]Published by: Engineers Institute OF INDIA. ALL NETWORK BASICSC urrent:Electric current is the time rate of change of chargeflow.(Ampere)Charge transferred between timeandtottqidt Sign Convention:A negative current of 5A flowing in one direction is same as acurrent of +5A in opposite :Voltage or potential difference is the energy required to move a unitcharge through an element, measured in :It is time rateof expending or absorbing energy.

7 Law of conservation of energy must be obeyed in any electric circuit. Algebraic sumof power in a circuit, at any instant of time,must be P = 0 Circuit Elements:Resistor:Linear and bilateral (conduct from both direction)In time domainV(t) =I(t)RInsdomainV(s) = RI(s) R=ohmAll= length of conductor, = resistivity,A= area of cross section Extension of wire tontimesresultsinincrease inresistance:2'Rn R dqidt otECEFORMULA BOOK1. NETWORK THEORY[3]Published by: Engineers Institute OF INDIA. ALL Compression of wireresults in decrease in resistance:2'RRn Capacitor:All capacitorsare linear and bilateral,except electrolytic capacitorwhich is Domain:Cdv(t)i(t) =dtt1v(t)i(t)dtC In s-domain:I(s) =sCV(s)1V(s) = I(s)sC Capacitor doesn t allow sudden changeof voltage, until impulse of current isapplied. It stores energy in the form of electric field and powerdissipation in idealcapacitor is zero.

8 Impedancecccc1Z = -jX X C Capacitive reactance ; = 2 fInductor:Linear and Bilateral elementTime Domain:( )1( )( )( )tdi tv tLi tv t dtdtL Impedance&LLLZjXXL In s-domainV(s) = sL I(s)1I(s) =V(s)sL Inductor doesn tallowed sudden change of current, until impulse of voltage isapplied. It stores energy in the form of magnetic field. Power dissipation in ideal inductor is :4 terminal or 2-port devices.: Stepdown transformer:Step up transformer1122 VNVN 1221 ININ ratioN V1N1N2V2I2+ InputportOutputportI1+ 12NN 21NN ECEFORMULA BOOK1. NETWORK THEORY[4]Published by: Engineers Institute OF INDIA. ALL doesn t work as amplifierbecause current decreasesin same amountpower remain :Coefficient of Gyrator Ifload iscapacitivethen input impedance will be inductive and vice versa. If load is inductive then input impedance will be capacitive. It is used for simulation of equivalent value of Source:Inpractical voltage source, there is small internal resistance, so voltage across theelement varies with respect to current.

9 Ideal voltmeter, RV (Internal resistance)Current Source:In practical current source, there is small internal resistance, socurrent varies withrespect to the voltage across 12VR Io 21VR Io ECEFORMULA BOOK1. NETWORK THEORY[5]Published by: Engineers Institute OF INDIA. ALL Ideal Ammeter, Ra 0 (Internal resistance)Dependent and Independent Source:Independent Source:Voltage or current source whosevalues doesn t dependonany other Generator Source:Voltage or current source whosevalues depend upon otherparameters like current, handling of independent and dependent voltage source is identical except.(i) InTheveninandNorton Theorem(ii)Superposition TheoremWhere,(i) Allindependentvoltage sources are short circuited.(ii) Allindependentcurrent sourcesare open circuited.(iii) Alldependentvoltage and current sources are leftas they are. A network in which all networkelementsare physicallyseparableis known aslumped network.

10 A network in which the circuit elements like resistance, inductance etc, are notphysically separate for analysis purpose, is calleddistributed line. If an element is capableof delivering energy independently, then it is calledactive :Voltage source, Current source If it is not capable of delivering energy, then it ispassive :Resistor, Inductor, Capacitor If voltage and current across an element are related to each other through aconstant coefficient then the element is called aslinear elementotherwiseit iscalled asnon-linear. When elements characteristics are independent of direction of current thenelement is calledbi-directionalelement otherwiseit is called : R, L & C. Diode is a unidirectional element. Voltage and current sources are alsounidirectionalelements. Every linear element should obey thebi-directionalproperty but vice versaasisnot necessary.