HHO and Diesel Technology

1 HHOandDieselTechnologybyCharlesWareSepte mb er16,2017 dfAbstractBackground:HHOisamixtureofhydr ogenandoxygengaspro ducedbywaterelectrolysisthatispur-p ortedtoincreasee ortattemptstodeterminewhetherHHOgasinjec tioncanserveasacost-e ectivemetho ,themetho dofdeterminingthee ,testsarep :Theadditionalamountofenergypro-ducedp ermassunitsofhydrogengaswascalculatedatv arioussp ,calledayieldvalue, joulesp ergramofH2isneededforcoste esomevariabilityinthecomp :Yieldvaluesforsomeofthesestudiesprobabl ydonotexceedaneconomicbreakevenp ,theyshouldnotb ,thestudiesthatdoindicateacoste ectivefuelcostreductionarenotfoundinp :Brown'sgas,oxyhydrogen,HHO, Diesel ,fuele ciency, ciencyandwidespreadfuelavailability,Dies eltechnologyservesastheprimaryp owersourceusedforsurfacetransp ortationofbulk, ,thesur-facenetworkofthegloballogisticss ystemisp owersthema jorityofindustrialconstruction, edtech-nologythatcouldveryp ossiblyb eusedtoincreasee ,weshallevaluateavailabledataobtainedfro mlab ora-torytestsofthee ectofHHOonDieselengineef- ciencytodeterminehowe ectiveHHOinjectionmightb erformancethresholdforcoste ectivenessshallb eaClass8truckor semi travelingover100,000milesp eci oratoryevaluationofthee ectofHHOgasin-jectiononfuelconsumptionre quiresaverysp eci cde eci cfuelconsumption(BSFC)isexpressedinunits ofgramsp erkilowatthour(g/kWhr)orintheUS,p oundsp erhorsep owerhour(lbs/hphr).

2 [1]Asthenameimplies,BSFC issp eci owerisgivenbytheequation:RPM horsepower(1)whereRPMisenginesp eedinrevolutionsp erminuteandtorqueisoutputtorqueoftheengi nemea-suredinfo otp owerequationis220 150 2 whichcomesfromtheobservationofJamesWattt hataminep ectedbytemp ,weightcangenerallyb cedureistomeasuretheweightofthefuelconta inerb eforeandafteratimedtestrunandcalculateth edi erformedusingOp enO ,datawasgivenintabularformandcouldb ecopy/pastedintothe1 Inthecaseoftheon-linestudies,b rmthatsuchevaluationswereactuallyp jectandcouldnotb econ rmedb ecauseofprivacyp ,datawaspresentedasagraph,inwhichcase,pi xelp ositionsofthedatap ointswereusedtocalculatethevalueofthedat ap di edimagescanb esofengineandtestconditionsforeachstudya relistedasfollows: Yilmaz[2,10]Engine:Four-stroke,fourcylin -der,directinjectionwithglowplug, ,HHOreactor:sp eciallymadeparallelplatetyp :4lpm.

3 MilenandKirilEngine:[3]Singlecylinder,98 mmb ore,130mmstroke, :notsp eci :4lpm. PurdueUniversity[4] FoxValleyTechnicalCollege[5]Engine:Cater -pillarC15turb o eci cations. [6]Engine:2004De-troitDiesel14 LSeries60truckengine, ; eci cations. BariandEsmaeil[7]Engine:Directinjection, 4cylinder, :Ep o :10-60lpm. Wang, [8] ,six-cylinderfourstrokes,directinjection , :Ep o :10-60lpm. Birtas, ,[9]Directinjection, :notsp eci owmeasurementispreferredsinceavolumemeas urementisa ectedbypressureandtemp ,anyerrorintro ducedwouldb [11]averagemolecularweightofHHOwasfoundt ob erentsamplesattheAdsorp-tionResearchLab oratory,DublinOhioonJune30,2003althoughi tdo esnotstatethemetho ,aprecisemeasurementoftherateatwhichwate risusedbytheHHOreactoraswellasmeasuremen tsofrelativelyhumidity,pressure,temp eratureandvolu-metric owratemightb eusedtoestimatemass :Emg[1 r] =energy yield(2)whereEistotalenergypro ducedinaunittimep erio dinmegajoules(MJ),mgisgramsofhydrogen(H2 )injectedduringthesametimep erio dandrisadimensionlessratioequivalenttom1 m2wherem1isthemass owrateoffuelwithgasinjectionandm2isthema ss ,thedynamometerloadwasad-justableandmeas uredbutitdidnothaveafeedbacklo ,yieldvalueisgivenas.

4 Eavgmg[1 k r] =energy yield(3) [7] [9] [3] [4] [5] [6] [8] [10,2] :Energyyields(MJ/gramsH2)wherekisadimens ionlesscorrectionratioequiva-lenttoE2E1w hereE1isenergyoutputwithgasin-jection,E2 isenergyoutputwithoutgasinjectionandEavg istheaverageofE1andE2atagivenen-ginesp ,enginesp eedisregulatedbyanautomaticfeedbacklo ,FVTC, )Thereisanimpliedproto colherethatthetestwithandwithoutHHOinjec tionshouldb erunun-derthesameconditions,namelyengine sp er-ent,thenfuelconsumptionmeasurementsar emean-inglesssincefuelconsumptionisa ectedmostlybyenginesp ,itiscommontocreatemapsofBSFC asafunctionofenginesp edrangeofsp ,theauthorsapparentlydidnotunderstandthe needforsuchaproto ,itwasnecessarytocorrelatetwodi erentta-bles,oneforsp ,ithadtob ,theyieldswererathermeagerandthereisnore asontosupp osethatb ettertestingwouldhavehadmuchofane out70%e out55%e ( ). ,typ eofvehicle,fuelcost,vehicleuseconditions andrequiredpaybackp erio dshouldallb eidenti e: Installationcost:HighendHHOinjectionsys- temlab orandparts=5,000 USD.

5 , ,000lbs. ,000milesp (200x723x3600) Fueltyp ergallon. Paybackp erio d:6monthsTotalannualfuelcostwouldb e100, , ,800=10, oththeseevaluationswerep del-inghasb eendoneindicatingthata30%reductioninfuel costisp erhapsp ossible.[12] ,ab ectonenginep erformanceincomparisontothesmallamountof gasinjectedsug-gestsafreeradicalchainrea ctionmechanismthatisp erhapssimilartothee ectoftetraethylleadonenginekno endixBforfurtherdiscussionofreasonswhyHH Oincreasesthee earanceofthe ameofHHO( )[13]versusthatofhydrogen( )[14].Whileahydrogen ameisalmostinvisible,anHHO erenceisnoteasilyexplainedbyconventional factorssuchascon-taminationduetoso diumorp ameissub ,itcanb econvertedtodatabymeansofasp ,anHHOsp [15]showsasp ectrograhicsigna-tureofabutane ducesemissionp carb oncombustion, ectofHHOcouldb ecausedbyradicalsthatarepro :HHO ameFigure2:Conventionalhydrogen ameFigure3:Flamesp ectrographofabutane ameconcentrationoftheseradicalscouldb emeasuredbyanalyzing amesp endentofen-ginep erformancethatcouldb eusedtopredictthestrengthofthee ectofHHOonenginee ,enginelabevaluationsofHHOmightfollowthe seguidelines: Aninvestigationshouldb eadiligentattempttoreplicatetheb estresultsthathaveb eenob-tained.

6 Thereisawidevarietyofcon gurationsofreac-torsthatarepurp ortedtopro ectofHHOonenginee ciencyistheresultofsomepro ductofthecombustionofHHO,itisp ossiblethatthisfactorcanb eidenti edandquanti edbymeansof amesp ciatedwithreactorop-erationcanb ereduceddowntoafewvariablesorp eimp or-tantthatthisfactorremainsconstantfore achseriesoftests. Mass owrateofHHOshouldb esofmass owmeasurementofgas,averagemolecularweigh tisarelevantvariable. Testconditionsincludeloadandsp eregulatedbymeansofafeedbackcontrollo ectivecompressionratioshouldalsob o settingtheturb o chargerwastegateactuator,e ectivecompressionratiocanb ead-justed. Bymeansofcombustionpressureanalysis,engi -neerscanessentiallyseewhatisgoingoninsi de6 REFERENCES thecylinderthroughthecourseofthecompres- sion/p eendonewithHHObutitcouldb everyhelpfulindevelopingamathematicalmo delofthee ehelpfulinimprovingthep erfor-manceand [1]Dempsey,P.

7 ; ,ISBN:978-0-07-149371-0.[2]Yilmaz, ;Uludamar,E.;Aydin,K.;Ef-fectofhydroxy(H HO) , ,Issue20, , les:yilmaz_ ,yil-maz_ ,yilmaz_ [3]Milen,M;Kiril,B;Investigationoftheef- fectsofhydrogenadditiononperformanceande xhaustemissionsofdieselengine,FISITA2004 , les:milen_ ,milen_ ,milen_ [4] [5] [6] [7]Bari,S.;Esmaeil,M.;E ectofH2/O2addi-tioninincreasingthermale , , les:bari_ ,bari_ [8]WangH-K.; ,E ectofregulatedharm-fulmattersfromaheavy- dutyDieselenginebyH2 (2012), les:wang_ ,wang_ [9]Birtas,A.; ,E er2011-24-0094.[10]Yilmaz, ;DesignandApplicationsofHy-droxy(HHO)Sys tems[11]Santilli, ; , ,(2006) [12]Ware,C.; df[13]Prisecaru,T., ;ExperimentalvalidationofanHHOgascutting ,Romania[14]Simon, , ; [15]wikip ectrum_of_blue_ [16]Petchers,N.,CombinedHeating,Cooling& PowerHandbook:Technologies&Applications, FairmontPress,ISBN0-88173-433-0, , :YieldenergyApp endixATotalenergyisgivenasp owermultipliedbytime,inthiscase, ,thetotalamountofenergypro ducedisthesamesinceloadandsp eedshouldb ethesameforb nedbytheequation:Em1 Em2( )whereEistheamountofenergypro ducedwithinthetimeinterval, ,theareaofthedarkerwedgewouldb eprop ortionaltothedi erenceEm1 Em2whichistheadditionalamountofenergypro ccupiesisnecessarilytheareaofthedi e:Em1 Em2Em1( ) ,thetwotermsinthenumeratorwhenmultiplied bym1give:1 m1m2( )Thetotalamountofenergypro ducedp ergramofhydrogenwouldb ducedwouldb ethisquantitytimestheprop.

8 Emg[1 m1m2]=energy yield( )Inthecasewheretheamountofenergypro ducedwithandwithoutHHOisslightlydi erent,suchthatE1istheamountofenergypro ducedwithHHOandE2istheamountofenergypro ducedwithoutHHO,thevaluesm1andm2shouldb eadjustedtowhattheywouldb eiftotalenergypro ducedisEavgwhichequals(E1+E2) ortionaltotheenergypro ducedwithintheintervalb eiftheEvaluewasequaltoEavg,wewouldhaveto increasemifE < Eavgandde-creasemifE > einverselyprop ortionaltoEsoitwouldb eEavgE1 ,anincreaseincombustione ciencyshallb ediscountedb ecausethisexplanationisnotconsistentwith lab ciencyissometimesconfusedwithfuelconvers ione ciencysothe rsttaskwillb etode- ,combustione ciencyisgenerallyb etterthan98%aswillb ecalculatedb out35%.Muchoftheheatreleasedbycombustion islostbyconductiontotheengineblo ciencyisasubsetofcombustione [16]givesvaluesneededtodeterminecombusti one o-nentsfoundinDieselexhaustthatcontainca rb onareparticulatecarb on(so ot),carb onmonoxide,andhydro carb on(principallymethane).

9 Onthistable,MJp erMJofinputfromfuelisobtainedbymultiplyi ngtheheatofcombustionoftheemissionscomp onent(MJ/gram)bygramsp onentaresummedtoobtaintheEc,theamountofe nergycontainedinemissionscomp onentsp ciencyisgivenby: c= 1 Ec( )where ciscombustione onentMJ/gp erMJofinputgramsMJCarb on(so ot) carb on(methane) erMJinput(Ec) :Dieselemissionscomp out10%[6].Evenifitreducedthemtonothing,t hefuelconversione ciencycouldb (2%increaseincom-bustione ciency).The ciencyof11%whichcouldnotb eac-countedforbyanincreaseincombustione ep ossibletoarriveatanexplanationfortheHHOe [3]obtainedasingleplotofpressureversusvo lumewithandwith-outHHOat1500 RPM.