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HUMAN DEVELOPMENT AND HUMAN RIGHTS SOUTH …

HUMAN DEVELOPMENT Report 2000 Background Paper HUMAN DEVELOPMENT AND HUMAN RIGHTS SOUTH african COUNTRY STUDY Sandra Liebenberg 1. Introduction 2. Apartheid and its legacy HUMAN RIGHTS violations under apartheid The legacy of apartheid 3. Democracy and a New Constitution The interim Constitution The final Constitution HUMAN RIGHTS in the final Constitution 4. Dealing with the Past - The Truth and Reconciliation Commission 5. SOUTH Africa and International HUMAN RIGHTS Law The influence of international HUMAN RIGHTS law on the Bill of RIGHTS Interpreting HUMAN RIGHTS in SOUTH Africa Becoming a party to HUMAN RIGHTS treaties Giving effect to international law in SOUTH Africa International conferences and programmes of action 6. Giving Effect to HUMAN RIGHTS - The Role of the State Laws, policies and programmes a) Labour b) Housing c) Land d) The Environment e) Gender Equality f) Equality, access to information and just administrative action g) Programmes to advance access to water and health care services The challenges of implementation 7.

6.2 The challenges of implementation ... and case studies have been selected to illustrate some of the main elements of a human rights ... the banning of individuals and political organisations such as the African National Congress (ANC) and Pan African Congress …

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Transcription of HUMAN DEVELOPMENT AND HUMAN RIGHTS SOUTH …

1 HUMAN DEVELOPMENT Report 2000 Background Paper HUMAN DEVELOPMENT AND HUMAN RIGHTS SOUTH african COUNTRY STUDY Sandra Liebenberg 1. Introduction 2. Apartheid and its legacy HUMAN RIGHTS violations under apartheid The legacy of apartheid 3. Democracy and a New Constitution The interim Constitution The final Constitution HUMAN RIGHTS in the final Constitution 4. Dealing with the Past - The Truth and Reconciliation Commission 5. SOUTH Africa and International HUMAN RIGHTS Law The influence of international HUMAN RIGHTS law on the Bill of RIGHTS Interpreting HUMAN RIGHTS in SOUTH Africa Becoming a party to HUMAN RIGHTS treaties Giving effect to international law in SOUTH Africa International conferences and programmes of action 6. Giving Effect to HUMAN RIGHTS - The Role of the State Laws, policies and programmes a) Labour b) Housing c) Land d) The Environment e) Gender Equality f) Equality, access to information and just administrative action g) Programmes to advance access to water and health care services The challenges of implementation 7.

2 The Role of HUMAN RIGHTS Institutions and the Courts HUMAN RIGHTS institutions The Courts 8. The roles of Civil Society, the Media and the Private Sector Civil society advocacy and campaigns The media The private sector 9. Conclusion NOTES 1. INTRODUCTION This study examines key HUMAN RIGHTS developments in SOUTH Africa with a particular focus on their relationship to HUMAN DEVELOPMENT in the country. The paper's starting point is that a HUMAN RIGHTS -based approach to DEVELOPMENT has the following main elements: The recognition and practical application of the principle that all HUMAN RIGHTS - civil, political, economic, social and cultural RIGHTS - are "universal, indivisible and interdependent and interrelated."1 The recognition that all public and private actors in society have a duty to respect and promote HUMAN RIGHTS ; The creation of open and transparent institutions and processes for participation by civil society in the political, economic, social and cultural life of the country; A commitment to diversity and equality of outcomes in law, policy and practice; Prioritising the needs of vulnerable and disadvantaged groups, and the adoption of special measures to assist these groups to gain access to opportunities, resources and social services;2 The creation of a range of effective mechanisms of accountability to ensure respect for HUMAN RIGHTS .

3 These mechanisms include - o Political accountability through the electoral process; o Public accountability through the monitoring of HUMAN RIGHTS commitments by an independent media and organs of civil society; o Legal accountability through the courts, other independent and impartial tribunals, and institutions such as national HUMAN RIGHTS Commissions. The paper describes innovative HUMAN RIGHTS institutions and practices in SOUTH Africa since the transition to democracy in 1994. The paper does not purport to be a comprehensive review of all laws, policies, programmes and HUMAN RIGHTS developments in SOUTH Africa. Rather, the examples and case studies have been selected to illustrate some of the main elements of a HUMAN RIGHTS approach to DEVELOPMENT identified above. 2. APARTHEID AND ITS LEGACY HUMAN RIGHTS violations under apartheid HUMAN RIGHTS developments under the new democratic government in SOUTH Africa can only be understood and appreciated against the historical background of colonialism and apartheid.

4 These regimes violated the full spectrum of HUMAN RIGHTS recognised in the Universal Declaration of HUMAN RIGHTS (1948). Apartheid policy consisted of the enforced political, economic and social segregation of people along racial lines. Whites monopolised the formal institutions of power and enjoyed extensive RIGHTS and privileges. While relative privileges were bestowed on the Coloured and Indian racial groups, the african majority was the most disadvantaged in all spheres. This segregation was enforced through a gamut of laws. The cornerstone of these laws was the Population Registration Act of 1950 which classified every person according to their ethnic or racial group. As described by the Constitutional Court, "Race was the basic, all-pervading and inescapable criterion for participation by a person in all aspects of political, economic and social life."3 Political RIGHTS were violated by depriving black people of the right to vote and equal participation in political institutions.

5 The policy of separate DEVELOPMENT pursued by the apartheid government through the creation of 'independent' homelands deprived many african people of their citizenship RIGHTS . It eventually resulted in fourteen different administrative systems operating in the country, leading to fragmented governance, inefficiencies and corruption. Freedom of movement and residence were violated by laws restricting the settlement of black people in urban areas (influx control policy), as well as maintaining racially segregated residential areas through legislation such as the Group Areas Act, 1966. Prof. John Dugard described the restrictions on movement under apartheid as follows: "A vast web of statutes and subordinate legislation confine the african to his tribal homeland and release him only in the interest of the agricultural and industrial advancement of the white community. When he visits a "white area" as a migrant labourer he does so on sufferance, shackled by the chains of legislation and administrative decision.

6 "4 The control of movement of african people in SOUTH Africa was enforced by the "pass system". The pass was a reference book which Africans were obliged to carry on them at all times. It was required for lawful movement into, out of, or within specified areas. Failure to produce a pass book to a policeman on demand was a criminal offence. In the course of controlling and suppressing opposition to apartheid policies all civil RIGHTS and freedoms such as the right to life, the right against torture and other forms of degrading treatment or punishment, the right to a fair trial and freedom of speech and assembly were violated on a large scale. These took the form of killings, torture, the severe ill-treatment of political prisoners, detentions without trial, the banning of individuals and political organisations such as the african National Congress (ANC) and Pan african Congress (PAC), stringent restrictions on the media, and the prohibition of gatherings and demonstrations.

7 As resistance to the apartheid regime, intensified, particularly from 19765 onwards, the apartheid regime became increasing repressive. It used the law to confer broad powers on the executive and powerful security apparatus. Basic civil liberties were eroded on a large scale under the States of Emergency declared during the 1980s by the apartheid government. Emergency regulations curtailed even further the limited powers of the courts to prevent and redress violations of HUMAN RIGHTS . However, the apartheid system should not be equated solely with violations of the civil and political RIGHTS of black SOUTH Africans. The systematic violation of the economic, social and cultural RIGHTS of black SOUTH Africans was an integral part of the apartheid project. The Land Acts of 1913 and 1936 restricted the african population to some 13% of the total land area of SOUTH Africa. Black people were dispossessed of their land, and forcibly removed to over-crowded reserves.

8 These were far from sources of employment and lacked the infrastructure and services for sustainable DEVELOPMENT . Poverty, disease and malnutrition were rife. An estimated million people were forcibly removed from rural and urban areas, between 1960 and The reserves became pools of cheap migrant labour for white owned farms and mines. Dispossession forced successful black farmers to seek employment as farm labourers thereby becoming insecure occupiers of land or labour tenants. The migrant labour system caused untold suffering, breaking up many african families. The men lived in appalling conditions in the mining compounds and slums of the cities, while many women and children were left to eke out a precarious livelihood in the impoverished rural areas. Black people suffered gross inequalities in access to social services, resources and economic opportunities. Black communities were deliberately underdeveloped, and lacked adequate sanitation, water and refuse removal services as well as decent housing, schools, and clinics.

9 Racial segregation was maintained at all levels of the education system. There were enormous disparities in the per capita expenditure on the education of black and white children. Thus in 1974 - 1975, the estimated per capita expenditure on african children in primary and secondary schools was R39, compared with the amount of about R605 spent on each white There were large disparities in the amounts of the various social security grants payable to different racial groups, and in different geographical areas. Moreover, as one author observed, "Administrative delays, corruption and inefficiency, particularly in rural areas, were a form of covert discrimination for disenfranchised communities." 8 Severe restrictions were placed on the RIGHTS of black workers. Job reservation, a product of both statute and convention, reserved many of the skilled and well-paid jobs for whites. In the Western Cape Province government applied a "Coloured labour preference" policy which severely limited the employment opportunities of african work-seekers in the region, and created racial friction between african and Coloured workers.

10 Although it was not illegal to form a trade union, the law only recognised separate trade unions for Whites and Coloureds (which included Indians). Trade unions organising all workers regardless of race were seen as political and repressed. In 1979 the law was amended to provide for the recognition of racially separate trade unions for african workers. But it was only in 1981 that non-racial trade unions were recognised. With recognition came a very limited right to strike. The right to marry, found a family and associate with whom one chooses were violated by laws which prohibited inter-racial marriage and sexual Racial discrimination pervaded all aspects of social and public life. Most public amenities, including rest rooms, toilets, post offices, elevators, restaurants, railway carriages and buses were racially segregated. Where separate facilities were established for black persons, these were inevitably of a vastly inferior standard.


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