Example: barber

HYDRAULIC TURBINES

Hydraulics and HYDRAULIC MachinesD r . M . N . S h e s h a P r a k a s h , P r o f e s s o r , J . N . N . Co l l e g e o f E n g i n e e r i n g , S h i m o g a1 HYDRAULIC TURBINESI n t r o d u c t i o n :T h e d e v i c e w h i c h c o n v e r t s h yd r a u l i c e n e r g y i n t o m e c h a n i c a l e n e r g yo rv i c e v e r s a i s k n o w n a sH y d r a u l i c M a c h i n e h e h yd r a u l i c m a c h i n e sw h i c h c o n v e r t h yd r a u l i c e n e r g y i n t o m e c h a n i c a l e n e r g y a r e k n o w n a sT u r b i n e sa n d t h a t c o nv e r t m e c h a n i c a l e n e r g y i n t o h yd r a u l i c e n e r g y i sk n o w n a sP u m p s.

Pipes of large diameter called Penstocks which carry water under ... losses in energy, it is known as overall efficiency. This depends on both the hydraulic losses and the slips and other mechanical problems Inlet of turbine Turbine Runner Shaft W.P. R.P.

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  Hydraulic, Pipe, Losses, Hydraulic losses

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Transcription of HYDRAULIC TURBINES

1 Hydraulics and HYDRAULIC MachinesD r . M . N . S h e s h a P r a k a s h , P r o f e s s o r , J . N . N . Co l l e g e o f E n g i n e e r i n g , S h i m o g a1 HYDRAULIC TURBINESI n t r o d u c t i o n :T h e d e v i c e w h i c h c o n v e r t s h yd r a u l i c e n e r g y i n t o m e c h a n i c a l e n e r g yo rv i c e v e r s a i s k n o w n a sH y d r a u l i c M a c h i n e h e h yd r a u l i c m a c h i n e sw h i c h c o n v e r t h yd r a u l i c e n e r g y i n t o m e c h a n i c a l e n e r g y a r e k n o w n a sT u r b i n e sa n d t h a t c o nv e r t m e c h a n i c a l e n e r g y i n t o h yd r a u l i c e n e r g y i sk n o w n a sP u m p s.

2 F i g . s h o w s a g e n e r a l l a yo u t o f a h yd r o e l e c t r i c p l a n t .Animation as in the PPTHghLHPenstockTurbineTailraceHeadraceH eadRaceTailRaceHgHhLHydraulics and HYDRAULIC MachinesD r . M . N . S h e s h a P r a k a s h , P r o f e s s o r , J . N . N . Co l l e g e o f E n g i n e e r i n g , S h i m o g a2It c o n s i s t s o f t h e f o l l o w i n g :1 .ADa mc o n s t r u c t e d a c r o s s a r i v e r o r a c h a n n e l t o s t o r e w a t e r . T h er e s e r v o i r i s a l s o k n o w n a sH e a d r a c e.

3 2 .Pi p e s o f l a r g e d i a m e t e r c a l l e dP e n s t o c k sw h i c h c a r r y w a t e r u n d e rp r e s s u r e f r o m s t o r a g e r e s e r v o i r t o t h e t u r b i n e s . T h e s e p i p e s a r eu s u a l l y m a d e o f s t e e l o r r e i n f o r c e d c o n c r e t e .3 .T u r b i n e sh a v i n g d i f f e r e n t t yp e s o f v a n e s o r b u c k e t s o r b l a d e sm o u n t e d o n a w h e e lc a l l e d r u n n e r .4 .T a i l r a c ew h i c h i s a c h a n n e l c a r r yi n g w a t e r a w a y f r o m t h e t u r b i n ea f t e r t h e w a t e r h a s w o r k e d o n t h e t u r b i n e s.

4 T h e w a t e r s u r f a c e i n t h et a i l r a c e i s a l s o r e f e r r e d t o a s t a i l r a c e .I m p o r t a n t T e r m s :G r o s s H e a d ( Hg) :It i s t h e v e r t i c a l d i f f e r e n c e be t w e e n h e a d r a c e a n dt a i l r a c e .N e t H e a d : ( H ) :N e t h e a d o r e f f e c t i v e h e a d i s t h e a c t u a l h e a d a v a i l a b l ea t t h e i n l e t o f t h e t o w o r k o n t h e t u r b i n e .H = Hg-hLW h e r ehLi s t h e t o t a l h e a d l o s s d u r i n g t h e t r a n s i t o f w a t e r f r o m t h eh e a d r a c e t o t a i l r a c e w h i c h i s ma i n l y h e a d l o s s d u e t o f r i c t i o n.

5 A n d i sgi v e n b ydgVLfhf242 W h e r efi s t h e c o e f f i c i e n t o f f r i c t i o n o f p e n s t o c k d e p e n d i n g o n t h et yp e o f m a t e r i a l o f p e n s t o c kLi s t h e t o t a l l e n gt h o f p e n s t o c kVi s t h e m e a n f l o w v e l o c i t y o f w a t e r t h r o u gh t h e pe n s t o c kDi s t h e d i a m e t e r o f p e n s t o c k a n dgi s t h e a c c e l e r a t i o n d u e t o g r a v i t yHydraulics and HYDRAULIC MachinesD r . M . N . S h e s h a P r a k a s h , P r o f e s s o r , J.

6 N . N . Co l l e g e o f E n g i n e e r i n g , S h i m o g m T Y P E S O F E F F I C I E N C I E SD e p e n d i n g o n t h e c o n s i d e r a t i o n s o f i n p u t a n d o u t p u t , t h e e f f i c i e n c i e sc a n b e c l a s s i f i e d a s( i )H yd r a u l i c E f f i c i e n c y( i i )M e c h a n i c a l E f f i c i e n c y( i i i )O v e r a l l e f f i c i e n cy( i )H yd r a u l i c E f f i c i e n c y: ( h)It i s t h e r a t i o o f t h e p o w e rd e v e l o p e d b y t h e r u n n e r o f at u r b i n e to the power supplied at the inletof a turbine.

7 Since the power supplied is HYDRAULIC ,and the probable loss is betweenthe striking jet and vaneit is rightlycalled HYDRAULIC is the Runner Power and is the Water Power(ii)Mechanical Efficiency: ( m)It is the ratio of the power available at the shaft to the power developed by therunner of a turbine. This depends on the slips and other mechanical problems thatwill create a loss of energy between the runneri n t h e a n n u l a r a r e a b e t w e e nt h e n o z z l e a n d s p e a r , t h e a m o u n t o f w a t e r r e d u c e s a s t h e s p e a r i sp u s h e d f o r w a r d a n d v i c e-v e r s a.

8 A n d s h a f t w h i c h i s p u r e l y m e c h a n i c a l a n d h e n c e m e c h a n i c a le ff i c i e n c S . P . i s t h e S h a f t P o w e r( 0 2 )( i i i )O v e r a l l E f f i c i e n c y: ( )It i s t h e r a t i o o f t h e p o w e r a v a i l a b l e a t t h e s h a f t t o t h e p o w e rs u p p l i e d a t t h e i n l e t o f a t u r b i n e . A s t h i s c o v e r s o v e r a l l p r o b l e m s o fl o s s e s i n e n e r g y, i t i s k n o w n a s o v e r a l l e f f i c i e n cy.

9 T h i s d e p e n d s o nb o t h t h e h yd r a u l i c l o s s e s a n d t h e s l i p s a n d o t h e r m e c h a n i c a l p r o b l e m sInlet of turbineTurbine h ( 0 1 )Hydraulics and HYDRAULIC MachinesD r . M . N . S h e s h a P r a k a s h , P r o f e s s o r , J . N . N . Co l l e g e o f E n g i n e e r i n g , S h i m o g t h a t w i l l c r e a t e a l o s s o f e n e r g y b e t w e e n t h e j e t p o w e r s u p p l i e d a n dt h e p o w e r g e n e r a t e d a t t h e s h a f t a v a i l a b l e f o r c o u p l i n g o f t h eg e n e r a t o r.

10 ( 0 3 )F r o m E q s 1 , 2 an d 3 , w e h a v e = hx mC l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f T u r b i n e sT h eh yd r a u l i c t u r b i n e s c a n b e c l a s s i f i e d b a s e d o n t yp e o f e n e r g y a tt h e i n l e t , d i r e c t i o n o f f l o w t h r o u gh t h e v a n e s , h e a d a v a i l a b l e a t t h ei n l e t , d i s c h a r g e t h r o u gh t h e v a n e s a n d s p e c i f i c s p e e d . T h e y c a n bea r r a n g e d a s p e r t h e f o l l o w i n g t a b l e.


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