Individual and Group Behavior - Tutorialspoint

1 Individual and Group Behavior i About the Tutorial Individual and Group Behavior are a combination of responses to external and internal stimuli by a person individually as well as by a Group approach. This is a brief introductory tutorial that explains the methodologies applied in the rapidly growing area of Individual and Group Behavior in an organization. Audience This tutorial will be useful for students from management streams who aspire to learn the basics of Individual and Group Behavior . Professionals, especially project managers, regardless of which sector or industry they belong to, can use this tutorial to learn how to apply the methods of Individual and Group Behavior in their respective project environments.

2 Prerequisites The readers of this tutorial are expected to have a basic understanding of how a project manager would deal with a complex project having multiple dimensions and accomplish it without overshooting his resources. Disclaimer & Copyright Copyright 2015 by Tutorials Point (I) Pvt. Ltd. All the content and graphics published in this e-book are the property of Tutorials Point (I) Pvt. Ltd. The user of this e-book is prohibited to reuse, retain, copy, distribute or republish any contents or a part of contents of this e-book in any manner without written consent of the publisher. We strive to update the contents of our website and tutorials as timely and as precisely as possible, however, the contents may contain inaccuracies or errors.

3 Tutorials Point (I) Pvt. Ltd. provides no guarantee regarding the accuracy, timeliness or completeness of our website or its contents including this tutorial. If you discover any errors on our website or in this tutorial, please notify us at Individual and Group Behavior ii Table of Contents About the Tutorial .. i Audience .. i Prerequisites .. i Disclaimer & Copyright .. i Table of Contents .. ii 1. INTRODUCTION .. 1 Behavior Analysis at Different Levels .. 1 Individual Level of Analysis .. 1 Group Level of Analysis .. 1 organizational Level of Analysis .. 2 2. Individual Behavior .. 3 Individual Behavior Framework .. 3 Causes of Individual Behavior .

4 4 Inherited Characteristics .. 4 Learned Characteristics .. 5 3. FACTORS INFLUENCING Individual Behavior .. 6 Abilities .. 6 Gender .. 7 Race & Culture .. 7 Perception .. 7 Attribution .. 8 Attitude .. 8 4. OCCUPATIONAL PERSONALITY TYPES .. 9 5. MYERS-BRIGGS TYPES OF INDICATOR .. 11 Types of Social Interaction .. 12 Extraversion or Extrovert .. 12 Introversion or Introvert .. 12 Individual and Group Behavior iii Preference for Gathering Data .. 12 Sensing .. 13 Intuition .. 13 Preference for Decision 13 Thinking .. 13 Feeling .. 13 Style of Decision Making .. 13 Perceiving .. 14 Judging .. 14 Myers-Briggs Personality Test .. 14 ESFP (Extroversion-Sensing-Feeling-Perceiving ).

5 16 6. BIG-FIVE PERSONALITY MODEL .. 18 Openness to Experience .. 18 Conscientiousness .. 19 Extraversion .. 19 Agreeableness .. 19 Emotional Stability .. 19 7. MARS MODEL OF Individual Behavior .. 20 Motivation .. 21 Ability .. 21 Role Perceptions .. 21 Situational Factors .. 22 8. INTEGRATED Individual Behavior MODEL .. 23 Attitudes .. 23 Perceived Norm .. 24 Personal Agency .. 25 9. THEORY X &THEORY Y .. 26 Theory X .. 26 Theory Y .. 26 Individual and Group Behavior iv Comparing Theory X & Theory Y .. 27 Application .. 28 10. PERSONALITY TRAITS .. 29 Locus of Control .. 29 Machiavellianism .. 29 Self-Esteem .. 30 Self-Monitoring .. 30 Risk Taking.

6 30 11. LEARNING & Individual Behavior .. 31 Change through Learning .. 31 12. LEARNING THEORIES .. 33 Classical Conditioning Theory .. 33 Operant Conditioning Theory .. 34 Social Learning Theory .. 35 13. METHODS OF SHAPING Individual Behavior .. 37 Positive Reinforcement .. 37 Negative 37 Punishment .. 37 Extinction .. 38 Schedules of Reinforcement .. 38 14. Group Behavior .. 39 Types of Groups .. 39 Formal Groups .. 39 Informal Groups .. 40 Why Do People Join Groups .. 40 Group Roles .. 41 Task-oriented Roles .. 41 Individual and Group Behavior v Relationship-oriented Roles .. 42 Individual Roles .. 42 Well-Functioning Groups .. 43 15.

7 THE FIVE STAGE MODEL OF Group DEVELOPMENT .. 45 Orientation (Forming Stage) .. 45 Power Struggle (Storming Stage) .. 46 Cooperation and Integration (Norming Stage) .. 46 Synergy (Performing Stage) .. 46 Closure (Adjourning Stage) .. 47 16. Group STRUCTURE .. 48 Roles .. 48 Task Roles .. 48 Group -Building / Maintenance Roles .. 49 Self-centered Roles .. 50 Norms .. 50 Conformity .. 52 Reference Groups .. 53 Status .. 53 Social Loafing .. 53 Cohorts & Group Demography .. 53 Cohesiveness .. 54 17. DEVIANT WORKPLACE Behavior .. 55 Aggressive Behavior .. 55 Unproductive Behavior .. 55 18. Group DECISION-MAKING .. 57 Advantages of Group Decision-Making.

8 57 Disadvantages of Group Decision-Making .. 57 Individual and Group Behavior vi 19. GROUPTHINK & GROUPSHIFT .. 59 Groupthink .. 59 Groupshift .. 59 Techniques to Eliminate Groupthink & Groupshift .. 60 Brainstorming .. 60 Nominal Group Thinking .. 61 Didactic Interaction .. 61 Delphi Technique .. 62 Individual and Group Behavior 1 organizational Behavior is the study of both Group and Individual performance and action within an enterprise. This field of study scans human Behavior in the working atmosphere. It determines its effect on job structure, performance, communication, motivation, leadership, decision making abilities etc.

9 The way an Individual behaves and Behavior as a Group have two perspectives - internal and external. Behavior Analysis at Different Levels Behavior as an Individual or in a Group is always analyzed by everyone in the organization. It is analyzed at three different levels: Individual level of analysis Group level of analysis organizational level of analysis Individual Level of Analysis organizational Behavior , at this level of analysis massively draws upon psychology, engineering, and medicine. At the Individual level of analysis, organizational Behavior includes the study of learning, perception, creativity, motivation, and personality.

10 In addition, it also includes the study of turnover, task performance and evaluation, coordinated Behavior , deviant work Behavior , ethics, and cognition. For example: Ram joins a company as an intern and is very open to learning new things but as time passes and he gets promoted his attitude towards his interns becomes rude. This is a fine example of Individual level of analysis. Group Level of Analysis organizational Behavior , at this level of analysis, draws upon the sociological and socio-psychological discipline. At the Group level of analysis, organizational Behavior includes the study of Group gesture, intra- Group and intergroup dispute and attachment.