Instant Notes: Plant Biology - GTU

1 1111111111111111 Plant BiologyiiSection K Lipid metabolismThe Instant notes seriesSeries HamesSchool of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Leeds, Leeds, UKAnimal BiologyEcologyGeneticsMicrobiologyChemis try for BiologistsImmunologyBiochemistry 2nd editionMolecular Biology 2nd editionNeurosciencePsychologyDevelopment al BiologyPlant BiologyForthcoming titlesBioinformaticsThe Instant notes Chemistry seriesConsulting editor: Howard StanburyOrganic ChemistryInorganic ChemistryPhysical ChemistryForthcoming titlesAnalytical ChemistryMedicinal ChemistryPlant Lack & EvansSchool of Biological & Molecular Sciences,Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK1111111111111111 BIOS Scientific Publishers Limited, 2001 First published 2001 All rights reserved.

2 No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted, in any form orby any means, without CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British 1 85996 197 5 BIOS Scientific Publishers Ltd9 Newtec Place, Magdalen Road, Oxford OX4 1RE, UKTel. +44 (0)1865 726286. Fax +44 (0)1865 246823 World Wide Web home page: in the United States of America, its dependent territories and Canada by Springer-Verlag New York Inc., 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010-7858, in association with BIOS Scientific Publishers Ltd. Published in Hong Kong, Taiwan, Cambodia, Korea, The Philippines, Brunei, Laos andMacau only, by Springer-Verlag Hong Kong Ltd.

3 , Unit 1702, Tower 1, Enterprise Square, 9 Sheung Yuet Road, Kowloon Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, in association with BIOSS cientific Publishers Editor: Paul BarlassThis edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005. To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge scollection of thousands of eBooks please go to ISBN 0-203-64545-6 Master e-book ISBNISBN 0-203-68112-6 (Adobe eReader Format)(Print Edition)AbbreviationsixPrefacexiSection A Introduction1A1 Introduction1 Section B Structure3B1 The Plant cell3B2 The cell wall6B3 Plastids and mitochondria9B4 Membranes11B5 Nucleus and genome15B6 Cell division18 Section C Vegetative anatomy23C1 Meristems and primary tissues23C2 Roots27C3 Herbaceous stems and primary growth31C4 Woody stems and secondary growth34C5 Leaves37 Section D Reproductive anatomy41D1 The flower41D2 Pollen and ovules46D3 The seed49D4 Fruits52 Section E Physiology and regulation55E1 Arabidopsis and other model plants55E2 Methods in experimental Plant science57 Section F Growth and

4 Development63F1 Features of growth and development63F2 Biochemistry of growth regulation67F3 Molecular action of hormones and intracellular messengers 76 Section G Sensing and responding to the environment83G1 Phytochrome, photoperiodism and photomorphogenesis83G2 Tropisms87G3 Nastic responses91G4 Abscission94G5 Stress avoidance and adaptation96 Section H Floral development and reproductive physiology101H1 Physiology of floral initiation and development101H2 Breeding systems1031111111111111111 CONTENTSH3 Self incompatibility107H4 Seed development, dormancy and germination111 Section I plants , water and mineral nutrition115I1 plants and water115I2 Water retention and stomata121I3 Movement of nutrient ions across membranes124I4 Uptake of mineral nutrients by plants128I5 Functions of mineral nutrients131 Section J Metabolism135J1 Photosynthetic pigments and the nature of light135J2 Major reactions of photosynthesis138J3C3 and C4 plants and CAM144J4 Respiration and carbohydrate metabolism148J5 Amino acid , lipid.

5 Polysaccharide and secondary product metabolism154 Section K Plant communities and populations161K1 Physical factors and Plant distribution161K2 Plant communities167K3 Ecology of different growth forms171K4 Populations174K5 Contributions to carbon balance and atmosphere180 Section L Reproductive ecology183L1 Ecology of flowering and pollination183L2 Seed ecology187L3 Regeneration and establishment193L4 Polymorphisms and population genetics196 Section M Interactions between plants and other organisms201M1 Mycorrhiza201M2 Nitrogen fixation206M3 Interactions between plants and animals209M4 Fungal pathogens and endophytes213M5 Bacteria, mycoplasma.

6 Viruses and heterokonts217M6 Parasites and saprophytes219M7 Carnivorous plants223 Section N Human uses of plants227N1 plants as food227N2 plants for construction232N3 plants in medicine236N4 plants for other uses238N5 Bioremediation242 Section O Plant genetic engineering and biotechnology245O1 Plant breeding245O2 Plant cell and tissue culture247O3 Plant genetic engineering252viContentsSection P Plant diversity257P1 Diversity and life cycles257P2 The algae260P3 The bryophytes264P4 Reproduction in bryophytes269 Section Q Spore-bearing vascular plants273Q1 Early evolution of vascular plants273Q2 Clubmosses and horsetails278Q3 The ferns284Q4 Evolution of the seed291 Section R Seed plants293R1 Early seed plants293R2 Conifers296R3 Cycads, gingko and Gnetales301R4 Evolution of flowering plants306R5 Mechanisms of evolution314 Further reading317 Index3251111111111111111 Contentsvii11111111111111112,4-D2,4-dich lorophenoxyacetic acid2,4,5-T2,4.

7 5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acidABAabscisic acidABPauxin-binding proteinACC1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxyl ic acidACSACC synthaseADPadenosine diphosphateAMPadenosine monophosphateASasparagine synthaseATPadenosine triphosphatebpbase pairCAMcrassulacean acid metabolismCaMPKcalmodulin-dependent proteinkinasesCFPcyan fluorescent proteinCoAcoenzyme ADAG diacylglycerolDDT1,1-bis(p-chlorophenyl) -2,2,2-trichloroethaneDNAdeoxyribonuclei c acidemsethylmethanesulfonateERendoplasmi c reticulumFADH flavin adenine dinucleotide(reduced)Fdferredoxin-depend entGAgibberellic acidGAGolgi apparatusGARE gibberellic acid response elementGDHglutamate dehydrogenaseGFPgreen fluorescent proteinGMgenetically modifiedGOGAT glutamate synthaseGSglutamine synthaseGSHglutathioneGSTglutathione-S-t ransferaseGUS -glucuronidaseIAAindole-3-acetic acidIP3inositol triphosphateLDPlong day plantLSDlysergic acid diethylaminemRNAmessenger ribonucleic acidNAAnaphthalene acetic acidNADP nicotinamide adeninedinucleotide phosphateNADPH nicotinamide adeninedinucleotide phosphate(reduced)

8 NEnuclear envelopeNPA1-N-naphthylphthalamic acidNRnitrate reductasePaPascalsPCRpolymerase chain reactionPEPphosphoenolpyruvatePGpolygala cturonasePGSplant growth substancesPiinorganic phosphateppmparts per millionPIP2phosphatidyl inositol bisphosphateRAPD random amplified polymorphicDNARET resonance energy transferRFLP restriction fragment length polymorphismRNAribonucleic acidRNaseribonucleaseSAMs-adenosyl methionineSAUR soybean auxin upregulated geneSDPshort day plantSIself-incompatibilityT-DNAtransfer red DNATGN transGolgi networkUTPuridine diphosphoglucoseUVultravioletVIRvirulenc e region for infectionYFPyellow fluorescent proteinABBREVIATIONSP lant science has always been a fundamental area of Biology , but the emphasis in the subject haschanged radically in the last two decades with a plethora of new information, much of it deriving fromtechniques in molecular Biology .

9 This has deepened our understanding of Plant processes and has illu-minated almost all aspects of Plant Biology . The ability to analyze genomes and to transfer genes hasopened possibilities for Plant biotechnology and genetic manipulation undreamed-of in earlier have been advances in ecological knowledge that, with increased awareness of the richness of biodiversity, have shed new light on the relationships between plants , other organisms and theirinterdependence. Plant breeders, ecologists and many people outside Plant Biology have becomeacutely conscious of the aesthetic and economic value of the resources, so often dwindling, of the this book we have covered all these aspects of modern Plant Biology .

10 We have written it keepingin mind an undergraduate faced with a range of advanced courses, needing an affordable text that givesinsight into the whole range of Plant science. Its scope and depth are suitable for a first and second yearundergraduate student of Plant Biology ; specialism will need an advanced text. We have also aimed itat molecular biologists and biotechnologists needing an accessible route to understanding the basis ofthe systems on which they work. It is intended to provide the fundamental background required fortrue understanding. It should aid undergraduates in their learning and give insight for specialists intoareas of Plant science not their own.