INTERNATIONAL CHRONOSTRATIGRAPHIC CHART

1 PhanerozoicCenozoicQuaternaryHolocenePle istocenePlioceneMioceneOligoceneEocenePa leoceneNeogenePaleogeneUpperLowerCretace ousMesozoicTriassicCarboniferousMesozoic PermianJurassicUpperLowerMiddleUpperLowe rMiddleLopingianGuadalupianCisuralianUpp erLowerUpperMiddleMiddleLowerMississippi anPennsylvanianPaleozoicMiddleUpperCalab rianGelasianPiacenzianZancleanMessinianT ortonianSerravallianLanghianBurdigalianA quitanianChattianRupelianPriabonianBarto nianLutetianYpresianThanetianSelandianDa nianMaastrichtianCampanianSantonianConia cianTuronianCenomanianAlbianAptianBarrem ianHauterivianValanginianBerriasianTitho nianKimmeridgianOxfordianCallovianBathon ianBajocianAalenianToarcianPliensbachian SinemurianHettangianRhaetianNorianCarnia nLadinianAnisianOlenekianInduanChanghsin gianWuchiapingianCapitanianWordianRoadia nKungurianArtinskianSakmarianGzhelianFam ennianFrasnianGivetianEifelianEmsianPrag ianLochkovianLudfordianGorstianHomerianS heinwoodianTelychianAeronianRhuddanianHi rnantianKatianSandbianDarriwilianDapingi anFloianTremadocianStage 10 JiangshanianPaibianGuzhangianDrumianStag e 5 Stage 4 Stage 3 Stage 2 FortunianKasimovianMoscovianBashkirianSe rpukhovianViseanTournaisianTerreneuvianS eries 2 Series ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 237~ ~ ~ 494~ 497~ ~ ~ 509~ 514~ 521~ 529 ~ 6351000120014001600180020502300250028003 20036004000~ 4600present~ 720 Series / EpochStage / Agenumericalage (Ma)Eonothem / EonErathem / EraSystem / PeriodSeries / EpochStage / Agenumericalage (Ma)Eonothem / EonErathem / EraSystem / PeriodSeries / EpochStage / Agenumericalage (Ma)System / PeriodErathem / Eranumericalage (Ma)Eonothem / EonErathem / EraSystem / PeriodEonothem / EonGSSPGSSPGSSPGSSPGSSAINTERNATIONAL CHRONOSTRATIGRAPHIC CHARTI nternational Commission on follows the Commission for the Geological Map of the World ( ) CHART drafted by Cohen, Harper, Gibbard(c) INTERNATIONAL Commission on Stratigraphy, October 2016To cite: Cohen, , Finney, , Gibbard, & Fan, (2013; updated) The ICS INTERNATIONAL CHRONOSTRATIGRAPHIC CHART .

2 Episodes 36: : of all ranks are in the process of being defined by Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Points (GSSP) for their lower boundaries, including those of the Archean and Proterozoic, long defined by Global Standard Stratigraphic Ages (GSSA). Charts and detailed information on ratified GSSPs are available at the website The URL to this CHART is found below. Numerical ages are subject to revision and do not define units in the Phanerozoic and the Ediacaran; only GSSPs do. For boundaries in the Phanerozoic without ratified GSSPs or without constrained numerical ages, an approximate numerical age (~) is ages for all systems except Lower Pleistocene, Cretaceous, Triassic, Permian and Precambrian are taken from A Geologic Time Scale 2012 by Gradstein et al.

3 (2012); those for the Lower Pleistocene, Cretaceous, Triassic, Permian and Precambrian were provided by the relevant ICS 2016/12