Introduction to Linguistics (ENG502)

1 Introduction to Linguistics (ENG502) VIRTUAL UNIVERSITY OF PAKISTAN Introduction to Linguistics (ENG502) VU Copyright Virtual University of Pakistan 1 Table of Contents Lecture No. Title Topic No. Pg. No. Lecture No. 1 WHAT IS LANGUAGE? Introduction 001 9 Language: A Purely Human and Non-Instinctive Communication 002 9-10 Language: A Symbol System 003 10 Behavioristic View of Language 004 10 Structural View of Language 005 10-11 Miscellaneous Definitions of Language 006 11 Lecture No. 2 HISTORY OF LANGUAGE Animal Communication and Language 007 12-14 Talking Apes 008 14-16 Written Language 009 16-19 First Families 010 19-22 Towards a Science of Language 011 22-25 Future Indicatives 012 26-27 Lecture No.

2 3 ORIGIN OF LANGUAGE The Divine Source 013 27 The Natural Sound Source 014 27 The Social Interaction Source 015 28 The Physical Adaptation Source 016 28 The Tool-Making Source 017 28-29 The Genetic Source 018 29 Lecture No. 4 CHARACTERISTICS OF LANGUAGE Characteristics of Human Language 019 30 Displacement 020 30 Arbitrariness 021 30-31 Productivity 022 31 Cultural Transmission 023 31 Duality 024 31-32 Lecture No. 5 FUNCTIONS OF LANGUAGE Functions of Language (Verbal Communication) 025 33 Language is Expressive 026 33-35 Language is Powerful 027 35 Language as a Means of Control 028 35-36 Language is Performative 029 36 Language: A Dynamic and Relational Entity 030 36-38 Lecture No.

3 6 NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION AND Linguistics Aspects of Nonverbal Communication 031 39 Principles of Nonverbal Communication 032 39 Conveyance of Interpersonal and Emotional Messages 033 40 Introduction to Linguistics (ENG502) VU Copyright Virtual University of Pakistan 2 More Involuntary than Verbal 034 40-41 More Ambiguous 035 41 More Credible 036 41 Lecture No. 7 NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION AND SEMIOSIS Types of Nonverbal Communication Learning 37 42 Kinesics 38 42 Haptics 39 42-43 Vocalics 40 43-44 Proxemics 41 44-45 Chronemics 42 45-46 Lecture No. 8 ANIMAL VS. HUMAN COMMUNICATION Introduction : Animal vs. Human Communication 43 47-48 Broadcast Transmission and Directional Reception 44 48-49 Creativity/Novelty/ Prevarication 45 49-50 Discreteness 46 50-51 Interchangeability 47 51 Semanticity 48 51-52 Lecture No.

4 9 WHAT IS Linguistics ? Introduction 049 53-54 Explicitness 050 54 Systematicness 051 54 Objectivity 052 55 The Scope of Linguistics 053 55 Lecture No. 10 INTRA-DISCIPLINARY BRANCHES OF Linguistics Intra-disciplinary Branches of Linguistics 054 56 General- Linguistics 055 56-57 Descriptive- Linguistics 056 57 Comparative Linguistics 057 57-59 Historical- Linguistics 058 59 Lecture No. 11 INTER-DISCIPLINARY BRANCHES OF Linguistics Inter-disciplinary Branches 059 60 Sociolinguistics 060 60-61 Psycholinguistics 061 61-62 Applied Linguistics 062 62 Computational Linguistics 063 63-64 Geographical Linguistics 064 64 Lecture No. 12 Linguistics VS. TRADITIONAL GRAMMAR Introduction 065 65-66 Linguistics : Scientific Study of Language 066 67 Linguistics and Descriptivism 067 67-68 Linguistics : Non-Speculative Nature 068 68 Linguistics and Objectivity 069 68 Linguistics and Spoken Language 070 69 Introduction to Linguistics (ENG502) VU Copyright Virtual University of Pakistan 3 Lecture No.

5 13 PHONETICS AND ITS BRANCHES Definition 071 70-71 Nature and Functions of Phonetics 072 71 Articulatory Phonetics 073 71-72 Acoustic Phonetics 074 72-73 Auditory Phonetics 075 73-74 Instrumental Phonetics 076 74-75 Lecture No. 14 PHONOLOGY AND ITS BRANCHES Definition 077 76 Difference Between Phonetics and Phonology 078 76-77 Phoneme: The Basic Unit of Phonology 079 77-78 Segmental Phonology 080 78-79 Supra-segmental Phonology 081 79 Lecture No. 15 SYLLABLE Syllable and Division of Words into Syllables 082 80-81 The Structure of the Syllable 083 81 Syllabic Consonants 084 82 Types of the Syllable 085 82-83 Consonant Clusters 086 83-85 Abutting Consonants 087 85 Lecture No.

6 16 STRESS Definition 088 86 Types of Stress (Word-stress) 089 87 Sentence Stress 090 87-90 Syllable-timed Languages and Stress-timed Languages 091 90-91 General Rules of Stress 092 91-92 Lecture No. 17 MORPHOLOGY I Morphology 093 93 Morpheme 094 94 Free morphemes 095 94-95 Bound morphemes 096 95 Lexical morphemes 097 95 Functional morphemes 098 96 Lecture No. 18 MORPHOLOGY II Derivational morphemes 099 97 inflectional morphemes 100 97-98 Derivational vs. inflectional morphemes 101 98 Morphological Description 102 98-99 Problems in Morphological Description 103 99 Morphs and Allomorphs 104 99-100 Lecture No. 19 MORPHOLOGY III Coinage 105 101 Introduction to Linguistics (ENG502) VU Copyright Virtual University of Pakistan 4 Borrowing 106 101-102 Compounding / Blending 107 102-103 Clipping 108 103 Acronyms 109 103-104 Derivation (Prefixes, Suffixes, Infixes) 110 104 Lecture No.

7 20 GRAMMAR I Grammar 111 105 Traditional Grammar 112 106 The Parts of Speech 113 106 Agreement 114 106-107 Grammatical Gender 115 107 Traditional Analysis 116 107 Lecture No. 21 GRAMMAR II The Prescriptive Approach 117 108 The Descriptive Approach 118 108 Structural Analysis 119 109 Constituent Analysis 120 109 Labeled and Bracketed Sentences 121 109-110 A Gaelic Sentence 122 110 Lecture No. 22 SYNTAX I Introduction 123 111 Generative Grammar 124 111 Properties of Generative Grammar 125 112 Well-Formed Syntactic Structures 126 112 Finite Number of Rules 127 112 Recursion 128 113 Lecture No. 23 SYNTAX II Surface Structure 129 114 Deep Structure 130 114 Structural Ambiguity 131 114-115 Symbols Used in Syntactic Description 132 115-116 Labeled Tree Diagrams 133 116 Lecture No.

8 24 SYNTAX III (RULES OF SYNTACTIC DESCRIPTION) Phrase Structure Rules 134 117 Lexical Rules 135 117-118 Back to Recursion 136 118 Transformational Rules 137 118-119 Particle Movement 138 119-120 IC analysis 139 120-121 Lecture No. 25 SEMANTICS I Definition 140 122 Types of Meaning 141 122 Introduction to Linguistics (ENG502) VU Copyright Virtual University of Pakistan 5 Conceptual or Denotative Meaning 142 123 Associative or Connotative Meaning 143 123 Prepositional Meaning 144 123-124 The Prosodic Meaning 145 124 Lecture No. 26 SEMANTICS II (SEMANTIC FEATURES AND SEMANTIC ROLES) Semantic Features 146 125 Semantic Roles 147 125 Agent 148 126 Theme 149 126 Instrument 150 126 Experiencer, Location, Source and Goal 151 127 Lecture No.

9 27 SEMANTICS III (LEXICAL RELATIONS) Synonymy 152 128 Antonymy 153 128-129 Hyponymy 154 129 Prototypes 155 129-130 Homophony, Homonymy and Polysemy 156 130-131 Metonymy 157 131 Lecture No. 28 PRAGMATICS I Definition 158 132 Invisible Meaning 159 132 No Text Without Context 160 132 Linguistic Context 161 133 Physical Context 162 133 Social/Cultural Context 163 133 Lecture No. 29 PRAGMATICS II Deixis/Deictic Expressions 164 134 Person Deixis 165 134-135 Place Deixis 166 135-136 Time Deixis 167 136 Reference 168 136 Inference 169 136-137 Lecture No. 30 PRAGMATICS III Anaphora 170 138 Presupposition 171 138 Constancy under Negation Test 172 139 Speech Acts 173 139 Direct Speech Acts 174 139 Indirect Speech Acts 175 140 Lecture No.

10 31 DISCOURSE ANALYSIS I Definitions 176 141 The Origins of Discourse Analysis 177 141 Critical Discourse Analysis 178 142 Introduction to Linguistics (ENG502) VU Copyright Virtual University of Pakistan 6 Interpreting Discourse 179 142 Cohesion 180 142-143 Coherence 181 143 Lecture No. 32 DISCOURSE ANALYSIS II Discourse Typology: Spoken and Written, Formal and Informal 182 144 Discourse and the Sentence 183 144-145 Discourse as Process 184 145 Discourse as Dialogue 185 145-146 Information Structure in Discourse 186 146 Knowledge in Discourse: Schemata 187 146 Lecture No. 33 DISCOURSE ANALYSIS III Conversation as Discourse Type 188 147 Conversation Analysis 189 147 Turn-taking 190 147-148 Conversational Principles: Cooperative 191 148 Flouting the Cooperative Principle 192 148-149 Conversational Principles: Politeness 193 149 Lecture No.