INTRODUCTION TO MORPHOLOGY

1 INTRODUCTION TO ENGLISHMORPHOLOGYL icence3,LINGUISTIQUEANGLAISEDrATCHED jedou, ,2019-20 BRAINSTORMING(1) Supposeyouaretheparentofathree-yearoldda ughterwhoasksifyou maked acakeand telled (2) You QuicklyyouthinkofsushifromJapanese,chops ueyfromChinese,tortillafromSpanish,champ agnefromFrench,andcurryfromalanguageofIn dia. Whatotherfoodnamescanyouthinkoffromother languages?BRAINSTORMING(3) Ifyouweretoguessthe topten wordsusedinprintedEnglish,whatwouldtheyb e? Whydidyouchoosethese?GENERAL OBJECTIVE:LearnerswillknowtheBasicsofEng lishLinguisticMorphologySPECIFIC OBJECTIVES: Learnerswillbeabletoaccountfor:1-TheScop eofLinguisticMorphology2-TheDifferentCom ponentsofaWord3-MorphologicalCategories4 -Inflectional&DerivationalProcesses5-Typ esofMorphologicalSystemsBIBLIOGRAPHY BOOIJ Geert, The Grammar of Words: An INTRODUCTION to MORPHOLOGY (2nd edition), Oxford University Press, 2007 FINEMAN Edward, Language:ItsStructure and Use, 5th Edition, Thomson Wadsworth, 2008.

2 HASPELMATH Martin & SIMS Andrea D., Understanding MORPHOLOGY 2ndedition,London: HodderEducation,2010. KATAMBA Francis, MORPHOLOGY , New York: St. Martin's Press, 1993. , MORPHOLOGY : An INTRODUCTION to the Theory ofWordStructure,2nd ed., Cambridge: Cambridge UniversityPress, 1987 NIDA Eugene a., MORPHOLOGY : The DescriptiveAnalysis ofWords,2ndedition,AnnArborMI: UniversityofMichigan Press,1949. THAKUR D. LinguisticsSimplified: MORPHOLOGY , BharatiBhawan, New Dehli, (1) ThetermisgenerallyattributedtotheGermanp oet,novelist,playwright&philosopherJohan WolfgangvonGoethe(1749-1832)whocoinedite arlyinthe19thcenturyinbiologicalcontext?

3 ItsetymologyisGreek:morph-means shape/form and -ology means thestudyofsomething . So, (2) InBiologymorphologyreferstothescientific studyoftheformandstructureoforganisms(an imals InGeologyitreferstothestudyoftheconfigur ationandevolutionoflandforms. (3) Morphologyasasub-disciplineofLinguistics wasnamedforthefirsttimein1859bytheGerman linguistAugustSchleicherwhousedthetermfo rthestudyoftheformofwords. Today, Scope of Linguistic (1) Thefieldoflinguisticsthatexaminestheinte rnalstructureofwordsandprocessesofwordfo rmationisknownasMorphology. So,westudyMorphologytoknowtheinternalstr uctureofwordsandthesegmentationintodiffe rentkindsofmorphemesisessentialtothetwob asicpurposesofmorphology: Thecreationofnewwords; is MORPHOLOGY ?)

4 (2) The morpheme is the smallest meaningful linguistic unit and they are of two types: A morpheme which can stand as a word is called a free morpheme. Example: pat; read; speak By contrast, a morpheme unable to function as a free-standing word is called a bound : -er; -ing; re-; Tangible Realities The most tangible elements of a language are itswords. Using a word requires four kinds of information: its sounds and their sequencing (this is called phonologicalinformation); itsmeanings(semanticinformation); its category ( , noun or verb) and how to use it in a sentence (syntacticinformation); how related words such as the plural (for nouns) and past tense (for verbs) are formed ( Components of a Word (1) The ultimate starting point for deriving a word, that is, the most basic morpheme in a word is its root.)

5 Example : happy A morpheme added to the rightof a root is a : happiness One added to the leftof the root, such as re- , is a : unhappy2-The Components of a Word (2) Suffixesalwaysfollowthestemstheyattachto ,suchas PLURAL ingirlsand -MENT incommitment.(Both*sgirland*mentcommitar eillformed). Prefixesalsoattachtothefrontofastem,asin untrue,disappear,andrepaint.(So*trueun,* appeardis,and*painterareillformed.)2-The Components of a Word (3) Thegeneraltermcoveringsuffixesandprefixe sisaffix. :man+plural>men :stressinthewords: produce(noun)butpro duce(verb). Besidesaffixes, Components of a Word (4) When the affix is inserted within the root, it is called an infix.

6 So, the infixoccursinsidea rootor stem. An infix is a morpheme inserted within another morpheme. Tagalog(a language spoken in the Philippines) has infixing. For example, the word gulaymeaning greenish vegetables can take the infix -in-, creating the word ginulay, meaning greenishblue .2-The Components of a Word (5) EXAMPLESOFEXPLETIVEINFIXATION: "Englishhasnotrueinfixes,butthepluralsuf fix -s behavessomethinglikeaninfixinunusualplur alslikepassers-by&mothers-in-law." "InEnglish, ,wehaveintensifierslikeflippin(g),friggi ng(g),blinkin(g)&bloomin(g):(unbeflippin glievable&fanfrigginstastic). OneofthemostfamousexamplesisElizaDoolitt le's' Components of a Word (6) INTEGRATED ADJECTIVE Thislinguisticphenomenonisalsoknownasthe integratedadjective.

7 Infact,apoemofthatnamebyJohnO'Gradywaspu blishedintheeponymouslytitledABookAboutA ustralia,inwhichnumerousexamplesoftheint egratedadjectiveappear: me-bloody-self, kanga-bloody-roos, forty-bloody-seven, goode-bloody-nough." OF INFIXES (1) Abso-Bleedin'-lutely" (Quincy Jones, song in the filmWalk, Don't Run, 1966); "Well, I canguaran-damn-teeya. Dannie's not playin'."(Rick Reilly,Shanks for Nothing. Doubleday, 2006); Fan-flaming-tastic.'" (RoyaNikkhah, "Prince William's Nanny says engagement is 'Fan-Flaming-Tastic.'"The Telegraph[UK], Nov. 21, 2010); "TellhimI vegonetoSingabloodypore!"WishYouWereHere !(byKieranDarcy-Smith(2012)).

8 EXAMPLES (2)Hallebloodylujah!Unfuckingbelievable! Absogoddamlutely! EXAMPLES (3) NB:NativespeakersofEnglishhaveintuitions aboutwhereinawordtheinfixisinserted. Mostspeakersagreeonthesepatterns, : fan-**-tastic, edu-**-cation, Massa-**-chusetts, Phila-**-delphia, Stilla-**-guamish, emanci-**-pation, abso-**-lutely, hy-** is a circumfix? (1) ,unlikethe infix ,the circumfix ,notallmorphologicalprocessesinvolvepref ixes,suffixes, In TuwaliIfugao(a language from The Philippines), the circumfixka--anis a nominalizerand surrounds a root. Example: Baddang, theroot which is a verb means 'help' (in English) ka anas a circumfixwill be attached to givekabaddanganmeaning 'helpfulness' is a circumfix?

9 (2) NB:. Although English has few examples of this type of affix, other languages use it. The circumfixis probably most widely known from theGerman past participle (ge--t for regular verbs). The verb spielen, for example, has the participle gespielt. Probably the only circumfixesin English are:en--en in enlightenem--en in embolden In older usage, however, thepresent participlecould be formed using the circumfixa--ing:Example: a--ingin aflyinga--ingin acaroling3-Word Structure & Word Formation Inflection Derivation Compounding :Word vsLexeme A lexeme (see the lexical definition of the term word ) is an abstract notion underlying a set of word.

10 The lexeme CAThas cat, cats as word forms CAT inflects for the plural by taking the suffix -s In an inflection, a lexeme inflects for different word forms of the same lexeme, belonging to the same syntactic category (read; reading) In derivation, the process results in the creation of new lexemes(read; reader)3-1-Inflection (1) Whenawordappearsinavarietyofformsdependi ngonitsgrammaticalroleinthesentence, ,pastandnon-pastinEnglish. Anothertypeofboundmorphemeisillustratedi ntheunderlinedpartsofthewordscats,collec ted,sleeps, (2) Inflectionalmorphemescreatevariantformso fawordtoconformtodifferentrolesinasenten ceorindiscourse.