IntroductiontoComputerGraphics

1 Introduction to Computer GraphicsVersion , August 2021(Version , December 2021)David J. EckHobart and William Smith CollegesThis is a PDF version of a free on-line book that is available The PDF does not includesample programs, but it does have external links to those files,shown in PDF also has internal links, shown in red. These links canbe used inAcrobat Readerand some other PDF reader 2015 2021, David J. EckDavid J. Eck of Mathematics and Computer ScienceHobart and William Smith CollegesGeneva, NY 14456 This book can be distributed in unmodified form for non-commercial versions can be made and distributed for non-commercial purposesprovided they are distributed under the same license as the original.

2 Morespecifically: This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike License. To view a copy of this license, Other uses requirepermission from the web site for this book is: Painting and Drawing.. Elements of 3D Graphics.. Hardware and Software.. 72 Two-Dimensional Pixels, Coordinates, and Colors.. Pixel Coordinates.. Real-number Coordinate Systems.. Aspect Ratio.. Color Models.. Shapes.. Basic Shapes.. Stroke and Fill.. Polygons, Curves, and Paths.. Transforms.. Viewing and Modeling.

3 Translation.. Rotation.. Combining Transformations.. Scaling.. Shear.. Window-to-Viewport.. Matrices and Vectors.. Hierarchical Modeling.. Building Complex Objects.. Scene Graphs.. The Transform Stack.. Java Graphics2D.. Graphics2D.. Shapes.. Stroke and Fill.. Transforms.. BufferedImage and Pixels.. HTML Canvas Graphics.. The 2D Graphics Context.. Shapes.. Stroke and Fill.. Transforms.. Auxiliary Canvases.. Pixel Manipulation.. Images.. SVG: A Scene Description Language.. SVG Document Structure.

4 Shapes, Styles, and Transforms.. Polygons and Paths.. Hierarchical Models.. Animation.. 753 OpenGL : Shapes and Colors in OpenGL .. OpenGL Primitives.. OpenGL Color.. glColor and glVertex with Arrays.. The Depth Test.. 3D Coordinates and Transforms.. 3D Coordinates.. Basic 3D Transforms.. Hierarchical Modeling.. Projection and Viewing.. Many Coordinate Systems.. The Viewport Transformation.. The Projection Transformation.. The Modelview Transformation.. A Camera Abstraction.. Polygonal Meshes and glDrawArrays.

5 Indexed Face Sets.. glDrawArrays and glDrawElements.. Data Buffers in Java.. Display Lists and VBOs.. Some Linear Algebra.. Vectors and Vector Math.. Matrices and Transformations.. Homogeneous Coordinates.. Using GLUT and JOGL.. Using GLUT.. Using JOGL.. About .. 1324 OpenGL : Light and Introduction to Lighting.. Light and Material.. Light Properties.. Normal Vectors.. The OpenGL Lighting Equation.. Light and Material in OpenGL .. Working with Material.. Defining Normal Vectors.. Working with Lights.. Global Lighting Properties.

6 Image Textures.. Texture Coordinates.. MipMaps and Filtering.. Texture Target and Texture Parameters.. Texture Transformation.. Loading a Texture from Memory.. Texture from Color Buffer.. Texture Objects.. Loading Textures in C.. Using Textures with JOGL.. Lights, Camera, Action.. Attribute Stack.. Moving Camera.. Moving Light.. 1715 : A 3D Scene Graph Basics.. Scene, Renderer, Camera.. Object, Geometry, Material.. Lights.. A Modeling Example.. Building Objects.. Polygonal Meshes and IFSs.. Curves and Surfaces.

7 Textures.. Transforms.. Loading Models.. Other Features.. Instanced Meshes.. User Input.. Shadows.. Cubemap Textures and Skyboxes.. Reflection and Refraction.. 2126 Introduction to The Programmable Pipeline.. The WebGL Graphics Context.. The Shader Program.. Data Flow in the Pipeline.. Values for Uniform Variables.. Values for Attributes.. Drawing a Primitive.. WebGL : Vertex Array Objects.. WebGL : Instanced Drawing.. First Examples.. WebGL Context Options.. A Bit of GLSL.. The RGB Triangle in WebGL.. Shape Stamper.

8 The POINTS Primitive.. WebGL Error Handling.. GLSL.. Basic Types.. Data Structures.. Qualifiers.. Expressions.. Function Definitions.. Control Structures.. Limits.. Image Textures.. Texture Units and Texture Objects.. Working with Images.. More Ways to Make Textures.. Cubemap Textures.. A Computational Example.. Textures in WebGL .. Implementing 2D Transforms.. Transforms in GLSL.. Transforms in JavaScript.. 2707 3D Graphics with Transformations in 3D.. About Shader Scripts.. Introducing glMatrix.. Transforming Coordinates.

9 Transforming Normals.. Rotation by Mouse.. Lighting and Material.. Minimal Lighting.. Specular Reflection and Phong Shading.. Adding Complexity.. Two-sided Lighting.. Moving Lights.. Spotlights.. Light Attenuation.. Diskworld 2.. Textures.. Texture Transforms with glMatrix.. Generated Texture Coordinates.. Procedural Textures.. Bumpmaps.. Environment Mapping.. Framebuffers.. Framebuffer Operations.. Render To Texture.. Renderbuffers.. Dynamic Cubemap Textures.. WebGL Extensions.. Anisotropic Filtering.. Floating-Point Colors.

10 Instanced Drawing in WebGL .. Deferred Shading.. Multiple Draw Buffers in WebGL .. 3278 Beyond Basic 3D Ray Tracing.. Ray Casting.. Recursive Ray Tracing.. Limitations of Ray Tracing.. Path Tracing.. BSDF s.. The Path Tracing Algorithm.. 338 APPENDICESA Programming The Java Programming Language.. Basic Language Structure.. Objects and Data Structures.. Windows and Events.. The C Programming Language.. Language Basics.. Pointers and Arrays.. Data Structures.. The JavaScript Programming Language.. The Core Language.. Arrays and Objects.