Isaac Chemistry Skills

1 Isaac Chemistry SkillsDeveloping mastery of essential pre-university physical FollowsHead of ChemistryWinchester CollegePeriphyseos PressCambridge, LaboratoryJ. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UKPublished in the United Kingdom by Periphyseos Press, mastery of essential pre-university physical chemistryc Follows 2016 Creative Commons LicenceDeveloping mastery of essential pre-university physical chemistryis incopyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevantcollective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may takeplace without the written permission of Periphyseos published 2016. First, second & third reprints, and bound in the UK by Short Run Press Limited, in LATEXA catalogue record for this publication is available from the British LibraryISBN 978-0-9572873-5-8 PaperbackUse this book in parallel with the electronic version Marking of answers and compilation of results isfree on Isaac Chemistry .

2 Register as a student or as a teacher to gain fullfunctionality and with kind permission of M. J. Rutter. The Periodic Table of the Elements reproduced with kind permission of OCRC ontentsNotes for the Student and the TeacherivUsing Isaac Chemistry with this book; Significant figuresvMapping of Book Sections to Exam SpecificationsviTable of ConstantsviiiA Formulae & Equations1A1 Empirical formulae ..1A2Ar&Mrand molecular formula ..2B Amount of Substance3B1 Standard form ..3B2 Unit conversions ..4B3 Gases ..5B4 Solids ..6B5 Solutions ..6B6 Reactions ..7B7 Titration ..8B8 Parts per million ..11C Gas Laws12C1 Ideal gases ..12C2 Density ..15C3 Non-ideal gases ..16D Atomic Structure17D1 Atomic structure ..17D2 Atomic orbitals ..18iiiD3 Atomic and ionic radii and ionization energy ..19D4 Isotopes ..21E Electronic Spectroscopy23F Enthalpy Changes25F1 Calorimetry.

3 25F2 Bond enthalpies ..28F3 Formation and combustion enthalpies ..29F4 Born-Haber cycles ..31G Entropy35G1 Absolute entropy ..35G2 Entropy changes ..36H Free Energy37H1 Entropy change of the surroundings ..37H2 Free energy changes ..39H3 Free energy cycles ..40 IEquilibrium43I1 Equilibrium constant,Kp..43I2 Equilibrium constant,Kc..45I3 Solubility product ..49I4 Partition ..51I5 RTlnK..53 JAcids & Bases55J1Br nsted-Lowry & Lewis ..55J2pH &Kw..56J3Ka& pKa..57J4Kb& pKb..58J5 Buffers ..59K Redox61K1 Oxidation number ..61K2 Half-equations ..62K3 Balancing redox equations ..63K4 Disproportionation ..65L Electrochemistry66iiiL1 Electrode potential & cell potential ..66L2 Free energy &Kc..67M Rate Laws, Graphs & Half-life68M1 Rate laws ..68M2 Half-life ..73M3 The Arrhenius model ..76M4 Catalysis.

4 79M5 Michaelis-Menten kinetics ..81 Notes for theStudent and theTeacher Developing mastery of essential pre-university physical Chemistry " is asso-ciated with theOpenPlatform forActiveLearning The problems in this book are designed, graded and arranged by sections forunderstanding and mastery of the concepts and problem solving required atA-level Chemistry and for equivalent exams. A mapping of each section of the book on to the relevant parts of all majorUK Chemistry exam specification is given on pages vi and vii. [With thanks toDr David Paterson.] On-line, the mapping 2-click setting of a chosen section as homework. Seealso below for teacher functionality. Each question can be answered on the above OPAL where there is immediatemarking and some feedback. Practice to achievemasterywill give fluencyand confidence in the essential Skills required for strong A-level results andin the transition to university.

5 Mastery level, that is achieving at least 80% ofquestions correct, is indicated in the marginal square boxesn/m. Students should register (free) on Isaac . Go click the log in" tab and then sign up" if not already registered. Physics over for Chemistry , andvice versa. A benefit ofregistration is that all activity is recorded for the student. Should questions belater set as homework, they will automatically be noted as done. All activityis confidential to the student, except parts that the student decides to sharewith a teacher ( set home work). Teachers who register can have their Isaac accounts converted to teacheraccounts (see at the foot of the user profile page). They can then set homework, and have it automatically marked with results returned to them: See For Teachers" go directly Chemistry and physics functionalities are the sameand are activated by registration on either the Physics or Chemistry sites.

6 Physical Chemistry problems in addition tothese Chemistry book problems (currently at Further problem solving"). Besure to select the level required, or otherwise get questions from all questions are all chemical thermodynamics for pre-AS, AS, A2, & thetransition to university, with reaction kinetics soon to follow. See the physics companion book, also It too isavailable for 1 per copy. Problems from the physics book can be answeredon-line Maths problems to give the fluency required at Chemistry and physics A-level,and equivalents, are available with this bookIsaac Chemistry offers on-line versions of each sheet a student can enter answers. This on-line tool will mark answers, givingimmediate feedback to a student who, if registered , canhave their progress stored and even retrieved for their CV!

7 Teachers can set a sheetfor class homework as the appropriate theme is being taught, and again for pre-exam revision. Isaac Chemistry can return the fully assembled and analysed marksto the teacher, if registered for this free service. Isaac Chemistry zealously followsthe significant figures (sf) rules below and warns if your answer has a sf andSignificantFiguresIn Chemistry , numbers represent values that have uncertainty and this is indicatedby the number of significant figures in an figuresWhen there is a decimal point (dp), all digits are significant, except leading (leftmost)zeros: (3 sf); (2 sf); (4 sf); (6 sf)Numbers without a dp can have anabsolute accuracy: 4 people; 3 numbers can be ambiguous: 200 could be 1, 2 or 3 sf (see below). Assumesuch numbers have the same number of sf as other numbers in the quantitiesMultiplying or dividing numbers gives a result with a number of sf equal to that ofthe number with the smallest number of sf:x= ,y= givesxy= (3 sf, the same asx).

8 An absolutely accurate number multiplied in does not influence the formOn-line, and sometimes in texts, one uses a letter x in place of a times sign and denotes to the power of :1800000 could be 6 (3 sf) and is -5(standardly, 106and 10 5)The letter e can denote times 10 to the power of : and figures in standard formStandard form eliminates ambiguity: 10n, the numbers before and afterthe decimal point are significant:191= 102(3 sf); 191 is 190= 102(2 sf); 191 is 200=2 102(1 sf).Answers to questionsIn this book and on-line, give the appropriate number of sf: For example, when theleast accurate data in a question is given to 3 significant figures, then the answershould be given to three significant figures; see above. Too many sf are meaningless;giving too few discards information. Exam boards also require consistency in ofBookSections toExamSpecifications(H032/H432)OCR A(H033/H433)OCR B(7404/7405)AQA(8CH0/9CH0)Edexcel(A410QS )Eduqas(9791)CIE Pre-U(Higher)IB ChemistryAFormulae & EquationsA1 Empirical (b) molecular (a) of SubstanceB1 Standard formthroughoutthroughoutthroughoutthroug houtthroughoutthroughoutthroughoutB2 Unit (a) (b) (a) (b) (c) per (i) LawsC1 Ideal (a) StructureD1 Atomic (f), DM(h) (e) ionization energyAtomic and ionic (q) (h) , , SpectroscopyElectronic SpectroscopyEL(w) (f) (e) enthalpiesFormation (g) (O(b)) (g) (g) (H032/H432)OCR A(H033/H433)OCR B(7404/7405)AQA(8CH0/9CH0)Edexcel(A410QS )Eduqas(9791)CIE Pre-U(Higher)IB ChemistryHFree EnergyH1of the surroundingsEntropy (f) energy energy constant, constant, , (p)

9 , CI(h) , , productO(h) , & BasesJ1Br nsted-Lowry & (i) , & (l) (l) pKb( ) (m) (e), DM(c) , (d), DM(c) , redox (c) , , , cell potentialElectrode (f) energy &Kc( )(DM(f))(Topic 14)( ) Half-lifeRate Laws, GraphsM1 Rate (a) (b)Topic Arrhenius (d) , , , OZ, CI, CMvarious , .6, .10various 9, , , PI3various , , , , kinetics(PL(f))( ) of ConstantsQuantityMagnitudeUnitGas constant (R) mol 1K 1 Electron volt (eV) 10 19 JAvogadro s number (NA) 1023 Boltzmann s 10 23J K 1 Speed of light (in vacuo) 108m s 1 Atomic mass unit (u) 10 27kgPlanck s constant (h) 10 34J sCharge on 10 19C0 heat capacity of water4180J kg 1K 1 Density of water at cm 3 Faraday constant96485C mol 1 Volume of gas at RTP24dm3mol 1 Room Temperature298 KRoom Pressure=1 105 PaviiiThe boxed fraction shows howmany questions need to beanswered correctly to AFormulae & EquationsA1 Empirical formulae10 Find the empirical formulae for the ten compounds (a) (j) from the datagiven.

10 No compound contains more than 15 atoms in total in its for-mula. Show all your working in neat, clearly-presented answers. Allcompositions are by ) Nitrogen, Hydrogen, Oxygenb) Lead, Oxygenc) Potassium, Chromium, Oxygend) Potassium, Chromium, Oxygene) Vanadium, Oxygen, Chlorinef) Carbon, Hydrogeng) Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygenh) Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogeni) Nitrogen, Oxygenj) Carbon, Hydrogen, Sulphur, Nitrogen, OxygenElementAtomic massElementAtomic Complete combustion of g of compound K produced g of carbondioxide and g of water. Calculate the empirical formula of A. FORMULAE & Complete combustion of g of compound L produced g of carbondioxide, g of water and g of sulfur dioxide. Calculate theempirical formula of molecular formula8/10 Assume that the mass of an isotope is equal to its mass Which isotope is used as the standard against which relative atomicmasses are calculated?