ISSN - IJCRAR

1 issn : 2347-3215 Volume 2 Number 8 (August-2014) pp. 294-303. Effect of Selected Plant Fumigants against Dengue fever Vector aedes aegypti (Linn). M. Mary Queen1, P. Martin1, K. Elumalai1, , and *. 1. & Research Department of Zoology, Government Arts College for Men (Autonomous), Nandanam, Chennai 600 035. Taminadu, India 2. Postgraduate & Research Department of Zoology, Arulmigu Palaniandavar College of Arts and Culture, Palani-624601 Tamilnadu, India 3. Microlabs, Institute of Research and Technology, Arcot, Vellore, Tamilnadu, India-632 503. *Corresponding author KEYWORDS A B S T R A C T. Mosquitoes are the most important of insects in terms of public health Plant Fumigants, importance which transmit a number of diseases such as dengue, chikungunya, aedes aegypti , Japanese encephalitis, yellow fever,filariasis and malaria, causing millions of Dengue fever, deaths every year.

2 aedes aegypti (Ae. aegypti ) is a major urban vector of dengue Mosquito, fever, dengue haemorrhagic fever, chikungunya and Yellow fever virus. vector, Mosquito bites may also cause allergic responses including local skin reactions Bio pesticides and systemic reactions such as urticarial. Personal protection is one approach to prevent mosquito bites. Most common mosquito repellents available contain N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide or also called DEET that has shown strong protection from mosquitoes. However, it may exert toxic reaction under some circumstances and age groups and damage plastic, synthetic materials, thus the alternative new products need to be explored. Bio pesticides may be utilized to control the mosquito population in human ecosystem.

3 Plant products may be used as bio control agent for mosquitoes to overcome the synthetic insecticides. The air dried powdered leaves of Pungamea glabra, Calotropis gigantea, Vinca rosea, Chrysanthimum indicum, Adhatoda vasica are used for the fumigant preparation. The fumigant was exposed once in three hours. The impact of smoke of plant product on the biting was analyzed every hour during the diel cycle. The highest biting rate (19 mosquitoes caught /day) was noticed in Calotropis gigantea fumigant exposure and lowest biting rate (7 mosquitoes caught/day) was in Pungamea glabra fumigant exposure. The fumigant of the entire plant product is found to be repellent against the dengue vector aedes aegypti . Introduction Mosquitoes are the most important of insects dengue, chikungunya, Japanese encephalitis, in terms of public health importance which filariasis and malaria, causing millions of transmit a number of diseases such as deaths every year.

4 aedes aegypti (Ae. 294. aegypti ) and Culex quinquefasciatus (Cx. insect bites. Some plant species contain quinquefasciatus) (Phasomkusolsil and insecticidal and/or insect-repellent Soonwera, 2011; Harrington et al., 2001) are substances. A review by Sukumar (1991). major urban vectors of dengue fever, dengue highlighted the potential of plants for use in haemorrhagic fever, chikungunya and mosquito control, either as repellents, Japanese encephalitis. Mosquito bites may larvicides, or insecticides. Extracts of also cause allergic responses including local several plants neem (Azadirachta indica), skin reactions and systemic reactions such as basil (Ocimum basilicum), (Mentha urticarial. Personal protection is one piperata), and lemon eucalyptus (Corymbia approach to prevent mosquito bites citriodora) have been studied as possible (Senthilkumar and Venkatesalu, 2012; mosquito repellents and have demonstrated Pavela, 2009: Briassoulis et al.)

5 , 1991). Most good efficacy against some mosquito common mosquito repellents available species (Sharma et al. 1993; Ansari et al. contain N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide or 2000; Trigg and Hill 1996). also called DEET (Roberts and Reigart, 2004)that has shown strong protection from The research is promising, but the number of mosquitoes. However, it may exert toxic plants that has been extensively studied is reaction under some circumstances and age relatively small. Plants contain a wide range groups and damage plastic, synthetic of chemical compounds. When extracted materials, thus the alternative new products from the plant material, these compounds need to be explored(Tjahjani, 2008). show useful biological activities such as All over the world, people are at risk from repelling insects or altering insect feeding mosquito-borne diseases such as malaria, behavior, killing larvae, or disrupting dengue, yellow fever, West Nile virus, and growth (Duke 2000;Neal et al.

6 , 2012; Palson several forms of encephalitis (Gubler 1989, and Jaenson, 1999). My research Monath 1989). Personal protection from investigated the possible potential of various mosquito bites is currently the most botanicals: Pungamea glabra, Calotropis important way to prevent transmission of gigantea, Vinca rosea, Chrysanthimum these diseases (Fradin 1998). indicum and Adhathoda vasica. Throughout the world, there are about 3,500 Collection of Herbal plant species of mosquitoes. The female mosquito bites people and animals because they need Many plants which are found commonly in the protein found in blood to help develop our place have mosquitocidal effects. The their eggs. Mosquitoes are attracted to idea of using plants against mosquito has got people by skin odors and the carbon dioxide biological significance.

7 The following plants from breath (Bowen 1991). The use of were chosen to find out the mosquitocidal repellents makes a person unattractive for effects on aedes arePungamea feeding and therefore repels the mosquito glabra, Calotropis gigantea, Vinca rosea, (Maibach et al. 1966). Chrysanthimum indicum and Adhathoda vasica. The plants have been identified, The repellent properties of plants to collected and their products were taken from mosquitoes and other pest insects were well them for the investigation on the effect of known before the use of synthetic Bio pesticides on the larva and adult stages chemicals. Traditionally, people used natural of aedes aegypti . compounds to protect themselves against 295. Bio-extract preparation repellents.

8 Fumigation and repellants are playing a major role in protecting the The leaves of Pungamea glabra, Calotropis humans from the bites of insects pests and gigantea, Vinca rosea, Chrysanthimum an effective repellant will be useful in indicum and Adhathoda vasica were shade reducing man-vector contact and in the dried then ground in mechanical grinder and interruption of disease transmission and finally passed through a 30 mesh sieve to get therefore repellant compounds should be them in to a fine powdered form. 50 gm of non-toxic, non- irritating and confirmed that above leaf powder and the solvents namely their broad spectrum of chemicals were Petroleum ether, Benzene, choloroform, effective as repellents against A. Acetone, Methanol were taken into soxhlet aegypti mosquitoes.

9 Apparatus and the temperature is fixed according to the solvents. The extracts are Plant essential oils in general have been collected into a conical flask and stored in a recognized as important natural resources of dark bottle covered by a filter paper to insecticides because some are selective, evaporate excess solvents. biodegrade to non-toxic products and have few effects on non-target organisms and Method of application environment (Pavela, 2009). Many research insect repellents derived from plant extract, The leaves of Pungamea glabra, Calotropis such as Eucalyptus citriodara (E. gigantea, Vinca rosea, Chrysanthimum citriodara), Syzygium aromaticum, indicum and Adhathoda vasica were shade Cymbopogon nardus, Cymbopogon dried then ground in mechanical grinder and citratus ( ), Curcuma longa, finally passed through a 30 mesh sieve to get Zingiber officinale (Z.)

10 Officinale), them in a fine powdered form, this powder Azadirachta indica, Ageratum were fumigated for every 3 hours intervals houstonianum, Pogostemon cablin, Albizzia to find out the biting rate of aedes aegypti amara, Ocimum basilicum, Zanthoxylum Results and Discussion piperitum, Anethum graveolens, Kaempferia galangal, Aristolochia bracteata, The smoke of the leaves of Pungamea Cardiospermum halicacabum, Clausena glabra, Calotropis gigantea, Vinca rosea, anisata and Vetiveria zizanioides, have been Chrysanthimum indicum, Adhatoda vasica, studied as possible mosquito repellents and result are shown in table 1-6 and in figures have demonstrated good efficacy treatment of the smoke was made at against aedes spp., Culex spp. an interval of 3 hours on different days to and Anophelesspp(Tjahjani, 2008; Sophia find out the biting was noticed and, Pandian, 2009).