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1 John T. Moore, EdDRegents Professor of Chemistry, Stephen F. Austin State University Exactly what you need to know about matter and energy The basics of chemical bonds How to balance chemical reactionsLearn:Chemistry EssentialsMaking Everything Easier! Chemistry Essentials FORDUMmIES by John T. Moore, EdD Chemistry Essentials For Dummies Published byWiley Publishing, River , NJ 2010 by Wiley Publishing, Inc., Indianapolis, IndianaPublished by Wiley Publishing, Inc., Indianapolis, IndianaPublished simultaneously in CanadaNo part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appro-priate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 646-8600.

2 Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008, or online at : Wiley, the Wiley Publishing logo, For Dummies, the Dummies Man logo, A Reference for the Rest of Us!, The Dummies Way, Dummies Daily, The Fun and Easy Way, , Making Everything Easier, and related trade dress are trademarks or registered trademarks of John Wiley & Sons, Inc. and/or its affiliates in the United States and other countries, and may not be used without written permission. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. Wiley Publishing, Inc., is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this OF LIABILITY/DISCLAIMER OF WARRANTY: THE PUBLISHER AND THE AUTHOR MAKE NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES WITH RESPECT TO THE ACCURACY OR COMPLETE-NESS OF THE CONTENTS OF THIS WORK AND SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES, INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION WARRANTIES OF FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.

3 NO WARRANTY MAY BE CREATED OR EXTENDED BY SALES OR PROMOTIONAL MATERIALS. THE ADVICE AND STRATEGIES CONTAINED HEREIN MAY NOT BE SUITABLE FOR EVERY SITU-ATION. THIS WORK IS SOLD WITH THE UNDERSTANDING THAT THE PUBLISHER IS NOT ENGAGED IN RENDERING LEGAL, ACCOUNTING, OR OTHER PROFESSIONAL SERVICES. IF PRO-FESSIONAL ASSISTANCE IS REQUIRED, THE SERVICES OF A COMPETENT PROFESSIONAL PERSON SHOULD BE SOUGHT. NEITHER THE PUBLISHER NOR THE AUTHOR SHALL BE LIABLE FOR DAMAGES ARISING HEREFROM. THE FACT THAT AN ORGANIZATION OR WEBSITE IS REFERRED TO IN THIS WORK AS A CITATION AND/OR A POTENTIAL SOURCE OF FURTHER INFORMATION DOES NOT MEAN THAT THE AUTHOR OR THE PUBLISHER ENDORSES THE INFORMATION THE ORGANIZATION OR WEBSITE MAY PROVIDE OR RECOMMENDATIONS IT MAY MAKE. FURTHER, READERS SHOULD BE AWARE THAT INTERNET WEBSITES LISTED IN THIS WORK MAY HAVE CHANGED OR DISAPPEARED BETWEEN WHEN THIS WORK WAS WRIT-TEN AND WHEN IT IS general information on our other products and services, please contact our Customer Care Department within the at 877-762-2974, outside the at 317-572-3993, or fax technical support, please visit also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats.

4 Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic of Congress Control Number: 2010925163 ISBN: 978-0-470-61836-3 Manufactured in the United States of America10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 About the AuthorJohn T. Moore grew up in the foothills of Western North Carolina. He attended the University of North Carolina-Asheville where he received his bachelor s degree in chemistry. He earned his Master s degree in chemistry from Furman University in Greenville, South Carolina. After a stint in the United States Army, he decided to try his hand at teaching. In 1971, he joined the chemistry faculty of Stephen F. Austin State University in Nacogdoches, Texas where he still teaches chemistry. In 1985, he started back to school part time and in 1991 received his Doctorate in Education from Texas A&M s area of specialty is chemical education, especially at the pre-high school level.

5 For the last several years, he has been the co-editor (along with one of his former students) of the Chemistry for Kids feature of The Journal of Chemical Education. He has authored Chemistry For Dummies and Chemistry Made Simple, and he s co-authored 5 Steps To A Five: AP Chemistry, Chemistry for the Utterly Confused, and Biochemistry For Dummies. John lives in Nacogdoches, Texas with his wife Robin and their two dogs. He enjoys brewing his own beer and mead and creating custom knife handles from exotic woods. And he loves to cook. His two boys, Jason and Matt, remain in the mountains of North Carolina along with his twin grandbabies, Sadie and Zane. Publisher s AcknowledgmentsWe re proud of this book; please send us your comments through our Dummies online registration form located at For other comments, please contact our Customer Care Department within the at 877-762-2974, outside the at 317-572-3993, or fax of the people who helped bring this book to market include the following:Acquisitions, Editorial, and Media DevelopmentSenior Project Editor: Tim GallanAcquisitions Editor: Lindsay LefevereSenior Copy Editor: Danielle VoirolTechnical Reviewer: Medhane Cumbay, Patti SmykalEditorial Program Coordinator: Joe NiesenEditorial Manager: Michelle HackerEditorial Assistants: Jennette ElNaggar, David Lutton, Rachelle AmickCover Photo: iStock/bratan007 Cartoons: Rich Tennant ( )Composition ServicesProject Coordinator: Patrick RedmondLayout and Graphics: Carrie A.

6 Cesavice, Joyce HaugheyProofreaders: Rebecca Denoncour, Sossity R. SmithIndexer: Potomac Indexing, LLCP ublishing and Editorial for Consumer DummiesDiane Graves Steele, Vice President and Publisher, Consumer DummiesKristin Ferguson-Wagstaffe, Product Development Director, Consumer DummiesEnsley Eikenburg, Associate Publisher, TravelKelly Regan, Editorial Director, TravelPublishing for Technology DummiesAndy Cummings, Vice President and Publisher, Dummies Technology/General UserComposition ServicesDebbie Stailey, Director of Composition Services Contents at a GlanceIntroduction ..1 Chapter 1: Matter and Energy: Exploring the Stuff of Chemistry .. 5 Chapter 2: What s In an Atom? .. 17 Chapter 3: The Periodic Table .. 35 Chapter 4: Nuclear Chemistry .. 43 Chapter 5: Ionic Bonding .. 55 Chapter 6: Covalent Bonding .. 69 Chapter 7: Chemical Reactions.

7 87 Chapter 8: Electrochemistry: Using Electrons .. 111 Chapter 9: Measuring Substances with the Mole .. 125 Chapter 10: A Salute to Solutions .. 135 Chapter 11: Acids and Bases .. 145 Chapter 12: Clearing the Air on Gases .. 159 Chapter 13: Ten Serendipitous Discoveries in Chemistry .. ContentsIntroduction ..1 About This Book .. 1 Conventions Used in This Book .. 2 Foolish Assumptions .. 2 Icons Used in This Book .. 3 Where to Go from Here .. 3 Chapter 1: Matter and Energy: Exploring the Stuff of Chemistry..5 Knowing the States of Matter and Their Changes .. 6 Solids, liquids, and gases .. 6 Solids ..6 Liquids ..7 Gases ..7 Condensing and freezing .. 7 Melting and boiling .. 8 From solid to liquid .. 8 From liquid to gas .. 9 Skipping liquids: Sublimation .. 9 Pure Substances and Mixtures .. 10 Pure substances.

8 10 Elements ..10 Compounds ..11 Throwing mixtures into the mix .. 11 Measuring Matter .. 12 Nice Properties You ve Got There .. 13 Energy Types .. 14 Kinetic energy .. 14 Potential energy .. 15 Temperature and Heat .. 15 Chapter 2: What s In an Atom? ..17 Subatomic Particles .. 17 Centering on the Those Electrons .. 21 The quantum mechanical model .. 21 The principal quantum number n .. 22 The angular momentum quantum number l .. 23 Table of ContentsviiThe magnetic quantum number ml ..25 The spin quantum number ms ..25 Putting the quantum numbers together .. 25 Energy level diagrams .. 26 The dreaded energy level diagram .. 27 Electron configurations .. 29 Valence electrons: Clues about chemical reactions .. 30 Isotopes and Ions .. 30 Isotopes: Varying neutrons .. 31 Ions: Varying electrons .. 32 Gaining and losing electrons.

9 32 Writing electron configurations .. 33 Predicting types of bonds .. 33 Chapter 3: The Periodic Table ..35 Repeating Patterns: The Modern Periodic Table .. 35 Arranging Elements in the Periodic Table .. 38 Grouping metals, nonmetals, and metalloids .. 38 Metals ..38 Nonmetals ..40 Metalloids ..40 Arranging elements by families and 41 Chapter 4: Nuclear Chemistry ..43 Seeing How the Atom s Put Together .. 43 Dealing with a Nuclear Breakup: Balancing 44 Understanding Types of Natural Radioactive 46 Alpha emission .. 47 Beta emission .. 48 Gamma emission .. 48 Positron emission .. 49 Electron capture .. 49 Half-Lives and Radioactive Dating .. 50 Calculating remaining radioactivity .. 51 Radioactive dating .. 51 Breaking Elements Apart with Nuclear Fission .. 52 Mass defect: Where does all that energy come from? .. 52 Chain reactions and critical mass.

10 53 Coming Together with Nuclear Chemistry Essentials For Dummies viiiChapter 5: Ionic Bonding ..55 Forming Ions: Making Satisfying Electron Trades .. 55 Gaining and losing electrons .. 56 Losing an electron to become a cation: Sodium .. 56 Gaining an electron to become an anion: Chlorine .. 57 Looking at charges on single-atom ions .. 58 Seeing some common one-atom ions .. 58 Possible charges: Naming ions with multiple oxidation states .. 59 Grouping atoms to form polyatomic ions .. 61 Creating Ionic Compounds .. 62 Making the bond: Sodium metal + chlorine gas = sodium chloride .. 63 Figuring out the formulas of ionic compounds .. 63 Balancing charges: Magnesium and bromine .. 64 Using the crisscross rule .. 65 Naming ionic compounds .. 66 Dealing with multiple oxidation states .. 66 Getting names from formulas and formulas from names.