Lf - Defense Technical Information Center

1 0 WATERPROOFING UNDERGROUND0 CONCRETE STRUCTURESLfNBY0 TIM BIGGINSA REPORT PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE COMMITTEEOF THE DEPARTMENT GF CIVIL ENGINEERING INTHE PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTSFOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ENGINEERINGUNIVERSITY OF FLORIDASUMMER 1990 DTIC--T "- "- 'I,' ilAUG 10 TNOSIShUTION STAT A,APPrOV'd for pubUc ro-I D~tiol UnlxntiAcknowledgementsThis report is dedicated to my wife, Brenda, andmy daughter Stacey for their patience, love andsupport while I dedicated myself to the task would like to thank Dr. John Daugherty of theOwens Corning Fiberglass Corporation TechnicalCenter for his assistance in helping me sort outthe vast array of waterproofing products and man-ufacturer claims into fact and special thanks is extended to Rear Admiral A.

2 , Captain Estes and Commander Ron Kechterof the Civil Engineer Corps, United States Navy fortheir steadfast faith in my engineering the selection of waterproofing systems for theAtlantic based Strategic Weapons Missile ProductionFacilities at the Naval Submarine Base, Kingsbay, ForIGeorqia. DTIC TAR 0 Just ifloatvIon _ --. -DistrIbution/UAva'IabI1tY CodesD vi an/oDist SPeoialiv ITABLE OF CONTENTSList of .. ivList of vChapter One -General Reasons for Waterpro~fing Failure ..3 Chapter Two -Definition and Purpose of Wat'~rproofing .. 6 Chapter Three -Waterproofing Types and their Uses.

3 Waterproofing System Overview .. Requirements Common to All Waterproofing Types.. Nailers and Cant Strips .. Protection Joints, Cracks, and Waterstops .. Weather Desirable Characteristics of 23 Chapter Four -Cementitious Waterproofing Systems .. General 30 Chapter Five -Membrane Waterproofing Systems .. 31iiU3 Cold-Liquid Applied Membranes .. Material .. Application .. Hot-Liquid Applied Membranes .. Material .. Application .. Sheet Membranes .. 42n Material .. 431 Application .. 44 Chapter Six -Natural Clay Waterproofing Systems.

4 473 Material .. Application .. 48I Chapter Seven -Waterproofing Problems and Solutions .. 503 General .. Repairing, Replacing, And ExtendingWaterproofing .. Compatibility .. 511 Repairing Existing Waterproofing .. Replacing Existing Waterproofing .. 521 Extending Existing Waterproofing .. Installing New Waterproofing OverExisting Materials .. Waterproofing Specifications .. 54 Chapter Eight -Conclusion .. 57 References .. 61 Appendix A -Officer in Charge of Construction, TridentLetter to Commander, Naval FacilitiesEngineering Command .. 63 Appendix B -BA Associates, Inc Bulletin-Technote 1.

5 107n iiiLIST OF TABLESTABLE Page1 -Waterproofing, Dampproofing and Clear WaterRepellent Coating Uses .. 72 -Relative Performance of Waterproofing Systems .. 243 -HEY'DI Cementitious Product Test Properties .. 284 -Polymerized Asphalt Membrane PerformanceCharacteristics .. 345 -Rubberized Asphalt Membrane PerformanceCharacteristics .. 406 -Tensile Properties of Sheet Membranes .. 447 -VOLCLAY SWELLTITE 1000 Physical Properties .. 488 -Important Factors to Consider When DevelopingWaterproofing Specifications .. 56ivLIST OF FIGURESF igure Page1 -Cementitious Waterproofing Application for aSplit Slab Foundation.

6 82 -Vertical Membrane Waterproofing System .. 103 -Aggregate Drainage System and MIRADRAIN System .. 174 -Typical Joint, Crack and Waterstop Detailsfor Concrete Surfaces .. 215 -Details of an R/A Membrane Over Poured ,CHAPTER ONEGENERAL IntroductionOn March 6, 1986 I was assigned to the Officer inCharge of Construction, Trident at the Naval Submarine Basein Kingsbay, Georgia. As a Navy Officer in the CivilEngineer Corps my duties included the administration andmanagement of over $100 Million in contracts for theconstruction of the D-5 Trident Missile ProductionFacilities. These facilities included the construction of.

7 66 Missile Magazines, a Re-enrty Body Complex, SecurityBuildings, and two Vertical Missile Packaging construction was located aboard the base in anarea that had been reclaimed from the surrounding of the Missile Production Facilities, because of theirexplosive potential, were required to be hardened earthcovered concrete structures. Because the water table waslocated only one foot below the ground level thesestructures were constructed from on grade slabs and whencompleted they were covered with earth. In addition, severalmissile silos were needed that required the construction ofpits extending 60 feet below the design phase considerable emphasis wasgiven to keeping the facilities waterproof.

8 This concernemanated from the required missile storage environment ofless than 40% relative humidity. Given the naturally highambient humidity of south Georgia, the prevailing rains andwind, it's proximity to the coastline, undergroundconstruction and the swamp like location it was imperativeUthat the facilities remain free of outside water for theHeating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) tonI maintain the required 40% relative humidity. However, this* goal appeared easier to achieve on paper than in practice assome waterproofing systems preformed as intended, whileothers failed resulting in substantial cost increases andschedule Thus began my education in the field of Waterproofingwhich is an area of engineering that is not very well knownor understood by either designers or contractors and yet is5 a leading cause of failures in building construction today(1).

9 In fact, chances are that if you required expertise inI waterproofing of an underground structure you would be3 referred to either a roofer or a paint specialist. However,neither of these specialists has the unique knowledge,training or experience required to ensure that undergroundstructures remain dry throughout their design Accordingly, I have taken this opportunity to define3 the role of waterproofing; the reasons for waterproofingfailures; to explain the various waterproofing types and3 their uses; and to identify the most typical and their solutions. The primary task of this therefore, is to provide some background for the selection* of waterproofing systems for undergroind structo-es.

10 Becauseof the extensive nature of this subject I have confined my3 coverage to the waterproofing of underground concretestructures such as utility tunnels, communication vaults,I basements, elevator pits, missile silos, and control rooms.*| Reasons for WaterproofingThe way in which water flows over and around astructure has not until recently been considered a subjectworthy of study by many engineers and architects. In thepast the use of standard details and specifications has3 saved the designer from having to consider very deeply whatis really happening when water encompasses a building. Nowwith the increasing use of underground structures due totrends in energy conservation, and advances in power andcommunication technologies the field of waterproofing hastaken on increasing importance (2).