Materials Science and Technology Teacher Handbook

1 DISCLAIMERThis report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of theUnited States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor Battelle Memorial Institute, nor any of their employees, makesanywarranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringeprivately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product,process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring bythe United States Government or any agency thereof, or Battelle MemorialInstitute.

2 The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarilystate or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency NORTHWEST NATIONAL laboratory operated byBATTELLEfor theUNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY under Contract DE-AC05-76RL01830 Printed in the United States of AmericaAvailable to DOE and DOE contractors from theOffice of Scientific and Technical Information, Box 62, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-0062;ph:(865) 576-8401fax: (865) 576-5728email: to the public from the National Technical Information Service, Department of Commerce, 5285 Port Royal Rd., Springfield, VA 22161ph: (800) 553-6847fax: (703) 605-6900email: ordering: document was printed on recycled paper. (9/2003) Materials Science and TechnologyTeachers HandbookPacific Northwest National LaboratoryRichland, WashingtonPublished in 1994, cleared for release in 2008 PNNL-17764 Materials Science and TechnologyTeachers HandbookScience Education ProgramsPacific Northwest National laboratory *Richland, Washington*Operated by Battelle Memorial Institute for the Department of Energyunder Contract DE-AC06-76 RLO Department of Energy, Pacific Northwest National laboratory iiiPrefaceThis Materials Science and Technology Teachers Handbook was developed by Pacific Northwest laboratory , Richland, Washington, under support from the Department of Energy.

3 Many individuals have been involved in writing and reviewing Materials for this project since it began at Richland High School in 1986, including contributions from educators at Northwest Regional Educational laboratory , Central Washington University, the University of Washington, teachers from Northwest schools, and Science and education personnel at Battelle, Pacific Northwest Laboratories. Support for development was also provided by the Department of Education. This latest version was revised during l993-1994 by a group of Teacher consultants that included Guy Whittaker, Coupeville, Washington; Paul Howard, Richland Washington; Noel Stubbs and Eric Pittenger, Corvallis High School, Corvallis, Oregon; Andy Nydam, River Ridge High School, Lacey Washington; and Len Booth, Lacey, Washington. The following PNL staff members reviewed the guide: Mike Schweiger, Materials and Chemical sciences Center, Irene Hays and Karen Wieda, Science Education Center; and Jamie Gority and Georganne O Connor, Communications Directorate.

4 Many other organizations and individu-als providing support are noted in the Acknowledgments curriculum has also been endorsed by the Materials Education Council and was featured in articles in the MRS Bulletin, the journal of the Materials Research Society in September 1992 and December Department of Energy, Pacific Northwest National LaboratoryMST Teachers Department of Energy, Pacific Northwest National LaboratoryvContentsIntroduction to Materials Science and TechnologyWhat is Materials Science ? .. Relationship of Science and Technology .. is Basic Science Linked to Everyday Materials .. Short History of Materials Science .. New Scientific Frontier .. at MST as a Career The Field of Dreams .. an MST EnvironmentMST Curriculum Philosophy/Rationale .. Approach .. of Study .. Problems.

5 Student Projects .. the laboratory Journal .. in Small Groups .. Handiness .. Creativity .. in Teams .. Community Resources .. Up the MST Classroom and laboratory .. Safety .. , Learning Goals, and AssessmentStandards, Learning Goals, and Assessment .. Education Standards for Curriculum, Assessment, and Teaching Strategies .. National Education Standards and MST .. Opportunities Act .. Course Content Outline .. MST into Existing Classes .. Goals .. Trends in Assessment .. Techniques .. Teachers Department of Energy, Pacific Northwest National LaboratoryExperiments/DemonstrationsIntr oductory .. Lock .. of Materials .. Systems .. Study .. Wire .. Clip Destruction .. Mantle .. Bulb Filament .. and Dilatancy .. of Metals .. Copper and Zinc .. Tin and Lead.

6 A Wire .. Solid-State Phase Change in Metals .. Output of Al-Zn: A Solid-State Phase Change in Metals .. Sterling Silver .. Wax Casting: Investment/Centrifugal Casting .. a Light Bulb .. Shock .. Bead on a Wire .. Bending and Blowing .. Glass Batching .. Melting .. Tears/Dragon Dribble .. Coloring .. Fusing .. Glass .. Raku .. Slip Casting .. Glass from Soil .. and Testing Superconductors .. Teachers Department of Energy, Pacific Northwest National LaboratoryviiPolymers .. Foam Creations .. 6-10 .. a Rubber Mold from RTV .. Resin Casting .. ID .. Concrete .. Experiments .. 1 .. 2 .. 3 .. 4 .. Stressed-Skin Composite .. Paper .. Brittle .. AppendixVendors .. Price List .. Materials .. Resources .. the Space Shuttle Tile .. Materials , Process, and Products Developed by Battelle Memorial Institute.

7 Teachers Department of Energy, Pacific Northwest National LaboratoryIntroduction to Materials Science and Department of Energy, Pacific Northwest National defined, materialsscience is the study of stuff. Introduction toMaterials Scienceand TechnologyWhat is Materials Science ? Materials make modern life possible from the polymers in the chairyou re sitting on, the metal ball-point pen you re using, and the con-crete that made the building you live or work in to the Materials thatmake up streets and highways and the car you drive. All these itemsare products of Materials Science and Technology (MST). Brieflydefined, Materials Science is the study of stuff. Materials Science isthe study of solid matter, inorganic and organic. Figures , , ,and depict how these Materials are to Materials Science and Department of Energy, Pacific Northwest National LaboratoryFigure Physical Classification of Materials by StatePhysical Classificationof MaterialsAmorphous(Glass)CrystallineFigu re Physical Classification of Materials by Morphological StructureIntroduction to Materials Science and Department of Energy, Pacific Northwest National Classificationof MaterialsAmorphous(Glass)

8 CrystallineFigure Physical Classification of Materials by Atomic StructurePhysical Classificationof MaterialsAmorphousCrystallineMetals andPolymersCeramicsSome Metalsand PolymersGlassCompositesCompositesFigure Interrelationships Between Classes of MaterialsIntroduction to Materials Science and Department of Energy, Pacific Northwest National laboratory Technology draws onscience and contributesto it. AAAS Project 2061 Science for All AmericansMaterials Science and Technology is a multidisciplinary approach toscience that involves designing, choosing, and using three majorclasses of Materials metals, ceramics, and polymers (plastics).Wood also could be used. Another class of Materials used in MST iscomposites, which are made of a combination of Materials (such asin particle board or fiberglass). Materials Science combines many areas of Science .

9 Figure illus-trates how Materials Science draws from chemistry, physics, andengineering to make better, more useful, and more economical andefficient stuff. Because of the interdisciplinary nature of Materials Science , it can beused both as an introductory course to interest students in scienceand engineering and also as an additional course to expand the hori-zons of students already taking Science and mathematics Materials Science and Technology A Multidisciplinary ApproachIntroduction to Materials Science and Department of Energy, Pacific Northwest National Relationship ofScience and TechnologyIn the MST classroom, the boundaries are blurred between scienceand Technology . It is not easy to know where one ends and the otherbegins. In this way, the learning environment of MST reflects the sci-entific and technical enterprise where scientists, engineers, and tech-nologists work together to uncover knowledge and solve problems.

10 Inthe school environment, these overlapping and complementary rolesof Science and Technology are found most often in courses called Technology education. Some confusion exists between the labels Technology education and educational or informational Technology . Educational technologyrefers to delivery systems for teaching and tools for instruction such ascomputers, satellite television, laser discs, and even chalk. It refers tolaboratory equipment such as microscopes, telescopes, and calcula-tors. These tools can access and process information and performnumerical calculations that describe physical phenomena but theyare not Technology education in the sense we a Technology education course, Technology is treated as a substan-tive content area, a subject with a competence or performance-basedcurriculum involving learned intellectual and physical processes andskills.