Mathematics Standards of Learning

1 Mathematics Standards of Learning for Virginia Public Schools Board of Education Commonwealth of Virginia September 2016 i Mathematics Standards of Learning for Virginia Public Schools Adopted in September 2016 by the Board of Education Billy K. Cannaday, Jr., President Joan E. Wodiska, Vice President Diane T. Atkinson Oktay Baysal Wesley J. Bellamy James H. Dillard Daniel A. Gecker Elizabeth V. Lodal Sal Romero, Jr. Superintendent of Public Instruction Steven R. Staples Commonwealth of Virginia Board of Education Post Office Box 2120 Richmond, VA 23218-2120 September 2016 Mathematics Standards of Learning for Virginia Public Schools September 2016 ii Copyright 2016 by the Virginia Department of Education Box 2120 Richmond, Virginia 23218-2120 All rights reserved. Reproduction of these materials for instructional purposes in public school classrooms in Virginia is permitted.

2 Superintendent of Public Instruction Steven R. Staples Chief Academic Officer/Assistant Superintendent for Instruction Steven M. Constantino Office of Mathematics and Governor s Schools Debra Delozier, Mathematics Specialist Tina Mazzacane, Mathematics and Science Specialist Christa Southall, Mathematics Specialist Acknowledgements The Virginia Department of Education wishes to express sincere thanks to Michael Bolling, who assisted in the development of the 2016 Mathematics Standards of Learning and 2016 Mathematics Standards of Learning Curriculum Framework. Notice to Reader In accordance with the requirements of the Civil Rights Act and other federal and state laws and regulations, this document has been reviewed to ensure that it does not reflect stereotypes based on race, color, national origin, sex, age, or disability. The Virginia Department of Education does not discriminate on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, age, or disability in employment or provisions of service.

3 Mathematics Standards of Learning for Virginia Public Schools September 2016 iii Preface In 1995, the Virginia Board of Education published Standards of Learning in English, Mathematics , science, and history and social science for kindergarten through grade 12. Subsequently, Standards of Learning were developed for all academic content areas. The Standards of Learning provide a framework for instructional programs designed to raise the academic achievement of all students in Virginia and prepare them for college and careers. The Standards of Learning are recognized as a model for other states. Pursuant to legislation from the 2000 Virginia General Assembly, the Board of Education established a seven-year cycle for review of the Standards of Learning . As a result, the 1995 Mathematics Standards of Learning were reviewed in 2001, 2009, and 2016, the results of which are contained in this document.

4 The Standards were revised with input from parents, teachers, administrators, representatives from higher education, and the business community. The Standards set clear, concise, and measurable academic expectations for students. Parents and guardians are encouraged to work with their children, their children s teachers, and their children s schools to help them achieve these academic Standards . Mathematics Standards of Learning for Virginia Public Schools September 2016 iv Introduction Preparing Virginia s students to pursue higher education, to compete in a global workforce, and to be informed citizens requires rigorous mathematical knowledge and skills. Students must gain an understanding of fundamental ideas in number sense, computation, measurement, geometry, probability, data analysis and statistics, and algebra and functions, and they must develop proficiency in mathematical skills.

5 The 2016 Mathematics Standards of Learning identify academic content for essential components of the Mathematics curriculum at different grade levels for Virginia s public schools. Information from the College Board, ACT, the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) Framework, the Curriculum Focal Points from the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM), Principles and Standards for School Mathematics from NCTM, Focus in High School Mathematics : Reasoning and Sense Making from NCTM, the Guidelines for Assessment and Instruction in Statistics Education (GAISE) Report from the American Statistical Association, and the Report of the President s National Mathematics Advisory Panel were considered in identifying Mathematics content necessary for success for all students in postsec-ondary pursuits. Standards are identified for kindergarten through grade eight and for a core set of high school courses.

6 Throughout a student s Mathematics schooling from kindergarten through grade eight, specific content strands are included. These content strands are Number and Number Sense; Computation and Estimation; Measurement and Geometry; Probability and Statistics; and Patterns, Functions, and Algebra. The Standards of Learning within each strand progress in complexity throughout the grade levels and into high school course content. While the Standards are organized by strand and identified numerically, local curricula and pacing guides should determine the instructional sequence of the content. The 2016 Mathematics Standards of Learning Curriculum Framework, a companion document to the 2016 Mathematics Standards of Learning , amplifies the Standards and further defines the content knowledge, skills, and understandings that are measured by the Standards of Learning assessments.

7 The Standards and Curriculum Framework are not intended to encompass the entire curriculum for a given grade level or course. School divisions are encouraged to incorporate the Standards and Curriculum Framework into a broader, locally designed curriculum. The Curriculum Framework delineates in greater specificity the minimum content that all teachers should teach and all students should learn. Teachers are encouraged to go beyond the Standards as well as to select instructional strategies and assessment methods appropriate for all students. Mathematics Standards of Learning for Virginia Public Schools September 2016 v Mathematical Process Goals for Students The content of the Mathematics Standards is intended to support the following five process goals for students: becoming mathematical problem solvers, communicating mathematically, reasoning mathematically, making mathematical connections, and using mathematical representations to model and interpret practical situations.

8 Practical situations include real-world problems and problems that model real-world situations. Mathematical Problem Solving Students will apply mathematical concepts and skills and the relationships among them to solve problem situations of varying complexities. Students also will recognize and create problems from real-world data and situations within and outside Mathematics and then apply appropriate strategies to determine acceptable solutions. To accomplish this goal, students will need to develop a repertoire of skills and strategies for solving a variety of problem types. A major goal of the Mathematics program is to help students apply Mathematics concepts and skills to become mathematical problem solvers. Mathematical Communication Students will communicate thinking and reasoning using the language of Mathematics , including specialized vocabulary and symbolic notation, to express mathematical ideas with precision.

9 Representing, discussing, justifying, conjecturing, reading, writing, presenting, and listening to Mathematics will help students to clarify their thinking and deepen their understanding of the Mathematics being studied. Mathematical communication becomes visible where Learning involves participation in mathematical discussions. Mathematical Reasoning Students will recognize reasoning and proof as fundamental aspects of Mathematics . Students will learn and apply inductive and deductive reasoning skills to make, test, and evaluate mathematical statements and to justify steps in mathematical procedures. Students will use logical reasoning to analyze an argument and to determine whether conclusions are valid. In addition, students will use number sense to apply proportional and spatial reasoning and to reason from a variety of representations.

10 Mathematical Connections Students will build upon prior knowledge to relate concepts and procedures from different topics within Mathematics and see Mathematics as an integrated field of study. Through the practical application of content and process skills, students will make connections among different areas of Mathematics and between Mathematics and other disciplines, and to real-world contexts. Science and Mathematics teachers and curriculum writers are encouraged to develop Mathematics and science curricula that support, apply, and reinforce each other. Mathematical Representations Students will represent and describe mathematical ideas, generalizations, and relationships using a variety of methods. Students will understand that representations of mathematical ideas are an essential part of Learning , doing, and communicating Mathematics .