Metaphors We Live By - berliner.dk

1 Noter til:Lakoff & JohnsonMetaphors We Live Byaf Peter Byriel og Franz Berliner i forbindelsemed Videnskabsteori opgave Lakoff & Mark Johnson: Metaphors We Live By1 Concepts We Live The Systematicity of Metaphorical Metaphorical Systematicity: Higlighting and Orientational Bases of Metaphor and Cultural Ontological and Substance Challenges to Metaphorical Apparent Metaphorical vs. Some Further The Partial Nature of Metaphorical How Is Our Conceptual System Grounded?..1113 The Grounding of Structural Causation: Partly Emergent and Partly Manipulation: The Prototype of Extensions of Prototypical The Coherent Structuring of Gestalts and the Dimensions of Does It Mean For a Concept to Fit an Experience ?

2 15 Metaphorical Structuring versus Metaphorical Aspects of a within a Single between Two Aspects of a Single Complex Coherence across Some Consequences for Theories of Conceptual of the Abstraction of the Homonymy Definition and Objects of Metaphorical definition: Natural kinds of How metaphor can give meaning to form s. of Form is More of Is Strength of Me-First Coherence in instrument is a New Meaning s. The Creation of Similarity Metaphor, Truth, and importance of truth in Our daily Role of projection in Role of Categorization in does It Take to Understand a Simple Sentence as Being True?

3 27 What Does It Take to Understand a Conventional Metafor as BeingTrue?..27 How Do We Understand New Metaphors as Being True?..27 Understanding af situation: A Is Based on Nature of the Experientialist Account of of Human Understanding in Theories of Objective Truth ..2825 The Myths of Objectivism and Choices our Culture Myth of Myth of of Third Choice: An Experientialist The Myth of Objektivism in Western Philosophy and Challenge to the Myth of standard theories of meaning are rooted in the myth of is is the Words to the World without People or Theory of Meaning Is Based on a Theory of Is Independent of is Compositional The Building Block Permits Ontological Relativity without Expressions Are Objects.

4 The Premise of Is Independent of Meaning and Objektivist Theory of Communication: A Version of the an Objektivist Account of Understanding Would Be How Metaphors Reveals the Limitations of the Myth of Objektivist Account of Conventional s Wrong with the Objektivist similarity objektivist default: It s not out job ..34 The Irrelevance of Objectivist Philosophy to Human Models Outside of Objektivist Some Inadequacies of the Myth of The Experientialist Alternative: Giving New Meaning to the Old Lakoff & Mark Johnson: Metaphors We Live By1 Concepts We Live Bys.

5 3 Vores almindelige konceptuelle systems natur er fundamentalt metaforiskVores koncepter strukturerer hvad vi perciperer, hvordan vi bev ger os rundt i verden,og hvordan vi forholder os til konceptuelle system spiller derfor en central rolle mht. at definere vores hverdagsrealiteterVi er ikke normalt opm rksomme p systemet, men dets natur kan unders ges , da kommunikation baseres p dette konceptuelle baggrund af sproget mener L&J at kunne p vise, at vores konceptuelle system IS WAR er ikke kun en m de at tale om diskussion p , men vi forst r oghandler udfra metaforer, n r vi diskuterer (forsvare sit argument, finde modpartens svagesider osv.)

6 "The essence of metaphor is understanding and experiencing one kind of thing in terms ofanother." s. 5 Konceptet (argument) er metaforisk struktureret, aktiviteten (to argument) er det og derforer sproget det ogs metaforisk tankeprocesser er mestendels (largely) metaforiske. "This is what we meanwhen we say that the human conceptuel system is mataphorically structured and defined."N r L&J siger metafor i bogen, mener de metaforisk koncept2 The Systematicity of Metaphorical Conceptss. 7N r vi konceptualiserer en aktivitet metaforisk, systematiserer vi den.

7 Dette p virker hvadman kan og ikke kan g re under en det metaforiske koncept er systematisk, er det sprog, vi bruger til at tale om detaspekt v. konceptet ogs koncepter og sproglige metaforiske udtryk er systematisk kan vores aktiviteters og koncepters metaforiske natur studeres udfra metaforiskelingvistiske IS MONEYI vores kultur bruger vi penge til at konceptualisere tid5 Metaforiske "entailments" karakteriserer et koherent system af metaforiske koncepter oget tilsvarende system af metaforiske udtryk for de kan man udfra TIME IS MONEY subkategorisere og sige TIME IS A RESOURCE, TIME ISA VALUABLE COMMODITY og bruge udtryk som "spend", "invest" Metaphorical Systematicity.

8 Higlighting and Hiding systemacitet, som er foruds tningen for at vi kan forst et aspekt gnm. et andet,gemmer "hide" andre aspekter af konceptet. Pga. ARGUMENT IS WAR overser viargumentations kooperative metaforer (kanalmetaforer): IDEAS ARE MEANINGSLINGUISTIC EXPRESSIONS ARE OBJECTSCOMMUNICATION IS SENDINGD enne metafor overser kontekst, og at deltagere ikke n dvendigvis forst r s tninger p samme m strukturering er partiel, ikke total (s ville et koncept v re et andet koncept, ogikke blot forst et gnm. det andet).Metaforiske koncepter kan udvides (extended) figurativt/poetisk: hvis ideer er objekter,kan vi "dress them up in fancy clothes"N r L&J taler om at et koncept struktureres af metafor mener de at det er partieltstruktureret og kan extendes p nogle m der og ikke Orientational Metaphorss.

9 14En orienterende metafor strukturer ikke, men organiserer et helt system af metaforer iforhold til er ofte spatielt orienterende: op-ned, ind-ud, forside-bagside er ikke arbitr re men udspringer af vores fysiske og kulturelle erfaring:HAPPY IS UPCONSCIOUS IS UP; UNCONSCIOUS IS DOWNHEALTH AND LIFE ARE UP; SICKNESS AND DEATH ARE DOWNHAVING CONTROL OF FORCE IS UP, BEING SUBJECT TO CONTROL OF FORCE IS DOWNMORE IS UP, LESS IS DOWNFORESEEABLE FUTURE EVENTS ARE UP (AND AHEAD)HIGH STATUS IS UP, LOW STATUS IS DOWNGOOD IS UP; BAD IS DOWNVIRTUE IS UP, DEPRAVITY IS DOWN6(afh ngig af "samfundet er en person")RATIONAL IS UP; EMOTIONAL IS DOWN(control is up> man is up > rational is up)Conclusions s.

10 17 de fleste af vores fundamentale koncepter er organiseret via spatielle metaforer hver spatiel metafor har intern systematik (internal systematicity) de forskellige spatielle metaforer har ekstern systematik, som skaber koherens mellemdem. (se eksempler s. 18) spatielle metaforer har r dder i fysisk og kulturel erfaring (ikke arbitr re) en metafor tjener kun som vehikel for forst else af et koncept pga. dets erfaringsm ssige basis (experential basis) en metafor har mange, mulige basis'. En basis v lges fremfor en anden, afh ngig afkoherens med det overordnede system.