Transcription of METEOROLOGY MANUAL - CAA
1 FOR EXAMINATION PURPOSES ONLYPRIVATE PILOT LICENCESOUTH AFRICANCIVIL AVIATIONAUTHORITYMETEOROLOGYMANUALP lease! Do not mark or damage this MANUAL in any wayPRIVATE PILOT LICENCEMETEOROLOGY Weather Synoptic Symbols - Weather Synoptic Symbols - 24 Present Weather Synoptic Symbols - Weather Station Models - Weather Station Models - Present - Aerodrome s - Aerodrome Weather Symbols - Weather Symbols - Weather Weather Chart - Weather Chart - Weather Chart - Winds and TemperaturesSYNOPTIC SYMBOLSPage 1Cu Small cumulusCu Moderate or largeCumulusCb Cumulonimbuswithout anvilSc formed by thespreading out of CuSc StratocumulusSt StratusFs Fractus stratusCu and Sc with bases atdifferent levelsCb With anvilAs ThinAs Thick or NsAc Thin at one levelAc Thin patches at morethan one levelAc In bands and inincreasing amountsAc Formed
2 Fromspreading CuAc Layered or withAs and/or NsAc CastellanusAc Several layers in achaotic skyCi Strands, not increasingCi DenseCi Dense, anvil shapedfrom CbCi Hooked, increasingamountsCi and/or Cs, below 45 ,thickeningCi and/or Cs above 45 thickeningCs Covering entire skyCs Not increasingCc CirrocumulusCLLOW CLOUDCMCHMEDIUM CLOUDHIGH CLOUDhHEIGHT IN FEET(Rounded off)SKY COVERAGE(Total amount)01234No CloudsOne okta or lessTwo oktasThree oktasFour oktas0 - 149150 - 299300 - 599600 - 9991 000 - 1 99956789 Five oktasSix oktasSeven oktas or morebut not overcastCompletely overcastSky obscured2 000 - 3 4993 500 - 4 9995 000 - 6 4996 500 - 7 9998 000 or moreor no cloudsHEIGHT IN FEET(Rounded off)SKY COVERAGE(Total amount)TOTAL CLOUD COVERLOW, MEDIUM AND HIGH CLOUDPRESENT WEATHER SYNPOTIC SYMBOLS - 1 Page 2 Rising, then , then then rising, , then , then , then TENDENCY - PREVIOUS 3 HOURSa012345678 MeaningCodeNumberMeaningPAST WEATHERD uststorm/SandstormFogRainShower (s)Storm of drifting snowDrizzleSnowThunderstormsHailVV VISIBILITY CODE00 to 50 = metres x 100 ( 03 = 300 m)56 to 80 = subtract 50, visibility in km ( 58=8km)81 to 89 = subtract 80, then multiply by 5 and add 30( 83 - 80=3x5=15+30=45km)
3 PRESENT WEATHER SYNPOTIC SYMBOLS - 2 Page 3 SmokeHazeDuststorm or SandstormWidespread dust in suspensionFog within sightFog patchesFog, sky visible,thinned in last hourFog, sky visible,nochange in last hourFog, sky visible,thickened in last hourDrizzle, intermittentSlightDrizzle, intermittentModerateDrizzle, intermittentHeavyRain, intermittentSlightRain, intermittentModerateRain, intermittentHeavySlight rain,freezingSlight drizzle,freezingDrizzle, continuousSlightDrizzle, continuousModerateDrizzle, continuousHeavyRain, continuousSlightRain, continuousModerateRain, continuousHeavyHeavy rain,freezingHeavy drizzle,freezingMistFog, no change inlast hourFog, thinnedin last hourFog, thickenedin last hourRain and drizzle,slightDrizzle and rain,heavySnow, intermittentSlightSnow, intermittentModerateSnow, intermittentHeavySnow, continuousSlightSnow, continuousModerateSnow, continuousHeavyRain, shower (s)SlightShowers of rainand snow - SlightSnow showersSlightShowers of hailSlightRain, shower (s)HeavyShowers of rainand snow - HeavySnow showersHeavyShowers of hailHeavyThunderstorm withrain - SlightThunderstorm withhail - SlightThunderstorm withsnow -SlightThunderstorm withrain - HeavyThunderstorm withhail - HeavyThunderstorm withsnow - HeavyIce pellets()
4 Thunderstorm,no precipitationLightning visible, butno thunder heardww PRESENT WEATHERPRESENT WEATHER SYNPOTIC SYMBOLS - 3 Page 4 Drizzle in the last hourRain in the last hourSnow in the last hourShowers of snowin the last hourFog in the last hourRain and snow in the last hourFreezing rain or drizzle inthe last hourShowers of rainin the last hourShowers of hailin the last hourThunderstorm in the last hourww PRESENT WEATHERW eather during the past hourand not at the time of observationSURFACE WINDCalm5kt10 kt15 kt20 kt25 kt50 kt65 ktSYNOPTIC WEATHER STATION MODELS - 1 Page 52201016435025 STATION 1 STATION 2211403015275 STATION 3 STATION 42828080132232006012454 STATION 5 STATION 6201500182815525200 STATION 7 STATION 822230601031810160010810130230 SYNOPTIC WEATHER STATION MODELS - 23017015980 STATION 9 STATION
5 101817035104128 STATION 11 STATION 12151604020417230021515 STATION 13 STATION 14351005675108431195 STATION 15 STATION 16271807515125206120201728125-512730220( (Page 6 SIGNIFICANT PRESENT WEATHERPage 7 QUALIFIERWEATHER PHENOMENAINTENSITY OFDESCRIPTORPRECIPITATIONOBSCURATIONOTHE RPROXIMITY12 3 4 5 LightShallowDrizzleMistWell-developedMID ZBRPOMODERATEP atchesRainFogSqualls(no qualifier)BCRAFGSQD riftingSnowSmokeFunnel cloudDRSNFUFC dust/sand whirls(tornado orwaterspout)BlowingSnow grainsVolcanic ashBLSGVASHICDUS hower(s)Diamond dustWidespread(Ice crystal)dustSSSandstormTSPESAT hunderstormIce pelletsSandDSDuststormFZGRHZS upercooledHailHazePRGSP artialSmall hail and/orcovering part ofthe aerodromesnow pellets+[well-developedin the case ofdust/sand whirls(dust devils) andfunnel clouds]vicinityVCIn theHeavyThe significant present and forecast weather groups are constructed by considering columns 1 to 5in the table above in sequence, that is intensity, followed by description, followed by weather example could be: +SHRA (heavy shower (s) of rain).))
6 TAF (Aerodrome Forecasts)WESTERN CAPEFACT200600Z 200718 21010KT 9999 BKN035 FM0900 21020G30KT 9999 FEW035TX28/12 ZTN19/07Z=FAGG200600Z 200718 25015KT 5000 -RA OVC015 TEMPO 1018 2000 +RA OVC008TX18/12 ZTN14/18Z=EASTERN CAPEFAEL200600Z 200718 25015G25KT 9999 SCT030 SCT040 TEMPO 0710 5000 -RABKN015 BKN025 BECMG 0809 240G30KT TX20/12 ZTN16/18Z=FAPE200600Z 200718 21015KT 9000 HZ SCT010 BKN020 PROB30 TEMPO 0710 4000-DZRA BKN008 BECMG 1113 9999 SCT015 BKN035 PROB30 TEMPO 1618 BKN015TX26/12 ZTN22/18Z=FAUT200600Z 200718 24008KT 9999 OVC008 TEMPO 5000 RA OVC005TX19/12 ZTN15/18Z=KWAZULU-NATALFADN200600Z 200718 04007KT CAVOK BECMG 0810 04012KT TEMPO 1518 SCT018 BECMG 1618 14012KT
7 TX34/11 ZTN27/18Z=FAPM200600Z 200718 03010KT 9999 FEW015 SCT025 TEMPO 1618 5000 TSRABKN012 SCT040CB TX32/12 ZTN23/18Z=NORTHERN CAPEFAKM200600Z 200718 20005KT CAVOK TX21/13 ZTN14/18Z=FAUP200600Z 200718 20005KT CAVOK TX22/13 ZTN16/18Z=FREESTATEFABL200600Z 200718 350107KT CAVOK BECMG 0911 9999 SCT050 PROB40 TEMPO1218 5000 TSRA FEW055CB TX34/13 ZTN20/07Z=NORTH WEST PROVINCEFAMM 200600Z 200718 23010KT CAVOK TX29/12 ZTN15/18Z=FAPN200600Z 200718 32006KT 9999 SCT040 BECMG 1618 21010KT CAVOKTX34/12 ZTN25/18Z=GAUTENGFAJSFAJS 200600Z 200718 06008KT CAVOK BECMG 0709 06012 KTTX31/12 ZTN23/07Z=FAWB200600Z 200718 29010KT 9999 SCT045 BECMG 1618 23010KT CAVOKTX33/12 ZTN27/18Z=MPUMALANGAFAKN200600Z 200718 06007KT 9999 SCT035 BECMG 1113 FEW035CB SCT040 TEMPO 1318 5000 TSRA BKN040 TX32/12 ZTN24/18Z=FAEO200600Z 200718 34010KT 9999 BKN020 BECMG 1012 FEW035CB SCT040 PROB40 TEMPO 1218 5000 TSRA BKN050 TX29/12 ZTN18/18Z=Page 8 METAR (Aerodrome Actuals)
8 WESTERN CAPEFACT200700Z 16016KT 9999 SCT030 21/11 Q1022 NOSIG=FAGG200700Z 00000KT 1000 VCFG FEW000 BKN025 16/15 Q1022=FALW200700Z AUTO 16009KT //// // ////// 21/10 Q1020=EASTERN CAPEFAEL200700Z 25007KT 9999 FEW020 SCT100 21/13 Q1012=FAPE200700Z 30022G33KT 9999 SCT019 BKN040 19/13 Q1008 NOSIG=FAUT200700Z 06002KT 9999 FEW008 BKN015 19/16 Q1015=KWAZULU-NATALFADN200700Z 10010KT 9999 FEW018 27/23 Q1010 NOSIG=FARB200700Z 36008KT 9999 SCT025 32/21 Q1010=NORTHERN CAPEFAUP200700Z 21005KT CAVOK 21/M01 Q1019=FAKM200700Z 27004KT 9999 FEW045 17/05 Q1021=FREESTATEFABL200700Z 24005KT 200V270 9999 FEW020 17/06 Q1021 NOSIG=FABM200700Z 28005KT 9999 BKN012 22/16 Q1020=NORTH WEST PROVINCEFAMM 200700Z 21005KT 9999 FEW030 24/M00 Q1019=FAPN200700Z 00000KT CAVOK 31/14 Q1016=GAUTENGFAJS200730Z 02008KT 350V070 CAVOK 26/M02 Q1025 NOSIG=FALA200730Z 06011KT 9999 BKN018 20/16 Q1023=FAGM200730Z 07010KT 6000BR+ BKN050 OVC020 16/15 Q1025=MPUMALANGAFAKN200700Z 09006KT 9999 FEW030 27/14 Q1019=FAEO200700Z 33007KT 9999 BKN020 SCT100 22/13 Q1021=LIMPOPO PROVINCEFAPP200700Z 35005KT 9999 FEW040 29/13 Q1017=FAHS200700Z AUTO 08004KT //// // ////// 29/17 Q1013=Page 9 SIGNIFICANT WEATHER SYMBOLS - 1vv* In flight documentation for flights operating up to FL 100, this symbolrefers to "line squall".
9 ** This symbol does not refer to icing due to precipitation coming intocontact with an aircraft which is at a very low : Height indications between which phenomena are expected,top above base, as per chart cycloneSevere line squall*Moderate turbulenceSevere turbulenceMountain wavesSlight aircraft icingModerate aircraft icingHeavy aircraft icingWidespread fogHailDrizzleRainSnowShowerWidespread blowing snowSevere sand or dust hazeWidespread sandstormor duststormWidespread hazeWidespread mistWidespread smokeFreezing precipitation**SYMBOLS FOR SIGNIFICANT WEATHER CHARTSSIGNIFICANT WEATHER - LOW CHARTS (BELOW FL180)Scalloped lines = Used to demarcate significant cloud boundariesX= position of pressure centres given in hPaXXXXXX= Indicates cloud base or tops which are outside the parametersof specific SIG WX chartsPage 10 SIGNIFICANT WEATHER SYMBOLS - 2FL 310FL 340 The double bar denotes changes of level by 3 000 ft or less and/orwind speeds by 37 km/h - 20 kts.
10 In the example, at the double bar thewind speed is 225 km/h - 120 heavy line delineating the jet axis begins/ends at the pointswhere a wind speed of 150 km/h - 80 kts is = 090 Cold front at thesurfaceWarm front at thesurfaceOccluded front atthe surfaceQuasi-stationaryfront at the surface270L460 HTropopause highTropopause low300 Tropopause levelPosition, speed andlevel of maximum windConvergence lineFreezing levelIntertropicalconvergence zoneVolcanic eruptionCold front abovethe surfaceWarm front abovethe surfaceOccluded front abovethe surfaceQuasi-stationary frontabove the surface2012 Isotherm ( C)Temperature at selectedpoints ( C)Wind at selected points (half a barb = 5 knots,full barb = 10 knots and a triangle 50 knots)Zone of maximumwindCloud borderCloud tops030005 HCentre of high altitudeof the isobaric surfaceLCentre of low altitudeof the isobaric surfaceSIGNIFICANT WEATHER CHARTS - SYMBOLSISOL CBOCNL CBFRQ CBEMBDLYRNSCNSW: Individual Cells: Well separated Cells: Little or No Separation: Embedded in Cloud and Haze: Layered Cloud: No SIg Cloud.
