Transcription of Module for General Biology (Biol. 1012)
1 1 Ministry of Science and Higher Education- Ethiopia Module for General Biology (Biol. 1012) Module Writers Tegenu Gelana (PhD) .. Addis Ababa University Baye Sitotaw (PhD) .. Bahir Dar University Zufan Bedewi (PhD) .. Hawasa University Kedir Arebo (PhD) .. Defense University Mulugeta Desta (PhD) .. Haramaya University Samuel Getachew (MSc) .. Mizan-Tepi University Abiyu Enyew (Ass. Prof) .. University of Gondar Wondimu Ersino (MSc) .. Wachamo University November, 2019 Addis Ababa 2 Preface The primary goal of this Module is to provide the basic information about General Biology . Biology is an introductory college text that covers the concepts and principles from the structure and function of the cell to the organization of the biosphere.
2 It draws up on the entire world of living things to bring out an evolutionary theme that is introduced from the start. The writing style and clarity of this Module make it appropriate for use by liberal students; it gives an opportunity for the reader participate in scientific analysis, as notable practical s/ investigations are mentioned, and significant experiments and laboratory works are fully explained. These all are also followed by self-testing questions, which encourage students to use scientific methodology in order to think critically. Team members 3 Table of Contents Preface .. 2 Module Objectives .. 7 Acknowledgements .. 8 Unit .. 9 1. Introduction .. 9 The meaning and scope of Biology .. 9 The origin and nature of life .. 10 Scientific methods.
3 12 Unit .. 15 2. Biological Molecules .. 15 Carbohydrates .. 15 Lipids .. 20 Proteins .. 22 Nucleic acids .. 23 Vitamins .. 25 Water .. 25 Minerals .. 26 Unit .. 28 3. The cellular basis of life .. 28 The cell theory .. 28 Cell organelles .. 29 Structure and function of organelles .. 30 Cellular 44 Cell Shape .. 44 Cell Size .. 45 Transport across the cell membranes .. 45 Unit 4 .. 55 Cellular Metabolism and Metabolic Disorders .. 55 Cellular metabolism .. 55 Enzymes and their role in metabolism .. 57 4 Chemical nature and classification of enzymes .. 58 Mechanisms of enzyme action .. 60 Factors affecting enzymatic activities .. 61 Enzyme inhibitors .. 63 Bioenergetics and biosynthesis .. 65 Cellular respiration .. 65 Biosynthesis .. 75 photosynthetic apparatus.
4 78 The photosynthetic process .. 81 Metabolic disorders, diagnosis and treatments .. 85 Risk factors of metabolic disorders .. 86 Diagnosis of metabolic disorders .. 87 Treatments of metabolic disorders .. 87 Unit 5 .. 89 Genetics and Evolution .. 89 Basic Principles of Mendelian genetics and patterns of inheritance .. 91 Molecular genetics and inheritance .. 93 DNA, Gene, Chromosomes and Cell division .. 93 Protein synthesis .. 99 ABO blood groups and Rh Factors .. 107 Introduction to Evolution .. 111 Theories on the origin of life on Earth .. 111 Theories of Evolution .. 114 Unit 6 .. 117 Infectious diseases and Immunity .. 117 Principles of infectious diseases .. 118 Types of infectious disease and their causative agent .. 122 Bacteria .. 122 Viruses.
5 123 Fungi .. 125 Protozoa .. 126 5 Helminths .. 126 Prions .. 127 Modes of transmission .. 128 Host defenses against infectious diseases .. 129 Adverse immune reactions (responses) .. 136 Hypersensitivity reactions .. 137 Autoimmunity and autoimmune disease .. 142 Immune Deficiencies .. 145 Tumor Immunolology .. 146 Evidence for immune reactivity to tumor .. 147 Tumor associated antigens .. 148 Unit 7 .. 149 Taxonomy of organisms .. 149 Early Attempts to Classify Organisms .. 151 Modern Views of Classification (Schemes of Classification) .. 153 Domains of life and the Hierarchical System of Classification .. 156 Binomial Nomenclature .. 160 The Purpose of giving names to organisms .. 160 Operative Principles of Nomenclature .. 163 Unit 8 .. 165 Ecology and Conservation of Natural Resources (3 Hrs).
6 165 Definition of ecological terms and Basic concepts of Ecology .. 165 Branches of 168 Aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems .. 170 Energy flow through ecosystems .. 177 The food chains .. 177 Cycling of Materials (Nutrients) .. 183 Conservation of natural 189 Principles of conservation of natural resources .. 189 Environmental pollution and public health .. 191 Unit 9 .. 209 6 Introduction to Botany and Zoology .. 209 Introduction to Botany .. 209 Algology .. 209 Bryology and Pteridology .. 211 Seed plants .. 213 Introduction to zoology .. 215 Invertebrates .. 215 General Characteristics of Invertebrates .. 215 Classification of Invertebrates .. 216 Services Provided by Invertebrates .. 222 Subphylum Vertebrates .. 224 Classification of Vertebrates.
7 224 Unit 10 .. 233 Applications of Biological Sciences .. 233 Application of Biology in medicine and other health sciences (Fast diagnosis tools, drug and vaccine production, gene therapy, immuno-diagnosis, immunotherapy, transplantation, medicinal plants, etc) .. 233 The application of Biology in technology .. 235 Application of Biology in agriculture (soil fertility, tissue culture, animal breeding and transgenic animals, plant disease and pest management) .. 236 Application of Biology in industries (Food, brewery, pharmaceuticals, tannery and textile, single cell production, preservation) .. 239 Application of Biology in waste treatments and recycling (Bioenergy, bioremediation, water treatment, biomining) .. 240 Application of Biology in forensic Science .. 240 Biological 240 7 Module Objectives At the end of the course, the student will be able to.
8 Explain the scope of Biology and molecular basis of life Describe life activities from the cellular point of view Manipulate basic biological tool, record data and draw conclusions Develop scientific attitude, skill and conduct biological experiments using scientific procedures Outline basic processes of energy transduction and synthesis of intermediate or final products in living cells Understand the basic concepts of genetics and inheritance Understand the concepts of infection and immunity Classify organisms based on their cellular organization and complexity Explain components, processes and interrelationships within a given ecosystem Know the General features of invertebrate and vertebrate animals Appreciate the practical uses of biological knowledge and its application in the wider society 8 Acknowledgements The Module writing team would like to thank Dr.
9 Eba Mijena, Director General for Academic and Research; Ministry of Science and Higher Education (MoSHE), for his guidance in the write up. The team would also like to extend our deepest gratitude to all who had direct and indirect participation in writing of this Module . 9 Unit 1. Introduction Dear learner! Welcome to this Module which deals about the course, General Biology (Biol. 1012). This Module chapter is primarily intended for natural science students to familiarize with basic concepts of biological science, the nature and origin of life , scientific methods and the subject matter of Biology . I hope you will find it interesting! Learning Objectives: After completing this chapter, you will be expected to: define the term Biology explain scientific methods know the origin and the nature of life The meaning and scope of Biology Self-test:- 1.
10 Do you know the meaning and the scope of Biology ? Discuss it 2. Explain the origin and the nature of life 3. What are the branches of Biology ? Biological Sciences is the study of life and living organisms. It is also called as Biology . The Greek word bio means life and logos means study of. In the late 1700s Pierre-Antoine de Monet and Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck coined the term Biology . Earlier study of living things was restricted to the pure Science like Botany and Zoology that together comprise the Biology , but as the time passed new branches evolved. New technologies developed in pure subjects as well as in applied fields, which gave rise to a very broad concept of science called Biological Sciences. Biological Sciences is an extensive study covering the minute workings of chemical substances inside living cells to the broad scale concepts of ecosystems and global environmental changes.
