MONITORING the FUTURE

1 MONITORING . the FUTURE . NATIONAL SURVEY RESULTS. ON DRUG USE. 1975- 2015 . 2015 . Volume 2. College Students & Adults Ages 19 55. Lloyd D. Johnston Patrick M. O'Malley Jerald G. Bachman John E. Schulenberg Richard A. Miech Sponsored by The National Institute on Drug Abuse at The National Institutes of Health MONITORING THE FUTURE . NATIONAL SURVEY RESULTS ON DRUG USE, 1975 2015 . Volume 2. College Students and Adults Ages 19-55. by Lloyd D. Johnston, Patrick M. O'Malley, Jerald G. Bachman, John E. Schulenberg, Richard A. Miech, The University of Michigan Institute for Social Research Sponsored by: The National Institute on Drug Abuse National Institutes of Health This publication was written by the principal investigators and staff of the MONITORING the FUTURE project at the Institute for Social Research, the University of Michigan, under Research Grants No.

2 R01 DA 001411 and R01 DA 016575 from the National Institute on Drug Abuse. The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the National Institute on Drug Abuse or the National Institutes of Health. Public Domain Notice All materials appearing in this volume are in the public domain and may be reproduced or copied, whether in print or in non-print media including derivatives, in any reasonable manner, without permission from the authors. If you plan to modify the material, please indicate that changes were made and contact MTF at for verification of accuracy. Citation of the source is appreciated, including at least the following: MONITORING the FUTURE , Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan. Recommended Citation Johnston, L.

3 D., O'Malley, P. M., Bachman, J. G., Schulenberg, J. E. & Miech, R. A. (2016). MONITORING the FUTURE national survey results on drug use, 1975 . 2015 : Volume 2, College students and adults ages 19 55. Ann Arbor: Institute for Social Research, The University of Michigan. Available at #monographs Institute for Social Research The University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan Published July 2016. ABBREVIATED CONTENTS*. Click on any item below (in blue) to go directly to that page. Detailed Contents .. iv List of Tables .. vii List of Figures ..x Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Key Findings: An Overview and Integration Across Five Populations ..6. Chapter 3 Study Design and Procedures ..72. Chapter 4 Prevalence of Drug Use in Early, Middle, and Later Adulthood ..87. Chapter 5 Trends in Drug Use in Early and Middle Adulthood.

4 140. Chapter 6 Attitudes and Beliefs About Drugs Among Young Adults ..236. Chapter 7 The Social Context ..293. Chapter 8 Prevalence of Drug Use Among College Students and Their Noncollege Peers ..364. Chapter 9 Trends in Drug Use Among College Students and Noncollege Peers ..375. *See next page for Detailed Contents. iii DETAILED CONTENTS. Click on any item below (in blue) to go directly to that page. Chapter 1 Introduction ..1. Surveys of Young Adults and Adults Ages 35, 40, 45, 50, and 55 ..2. Surveys of College Students and Noncollege Peers ..3. General Purposes of the Chapter 2 Key Findings: An Overview and Integration Across Five Trends in Drug Use The Advent of Cohort Effects ..6. College/Noncollege Differences in Illicit Drug Use ..25. Male Female Differences in Substance Use.

5 26. Trends in Alcohol Use ..27. College Noncollege Differences in Alcohol Use ..27. Male Female Differences in Alcohol Use ..28. Trends in Cigarette Smoking and Vaporizer Use ..28. Age- and Cohort-Related Differences in Cigarette Smoking ..30. College Noncollege Differences in Cigarette Smoking ..31. Male Female Differences in Cigarette Smoking ..32. Vaporizer Use ..32. Racial/Ethnic Comparisons ..32. Drug Use in Eighth Summary and Conclusions ..36. Chapter 3 Study Design and Procedures ..72. Research Design and Procedures for the Twelfth-Grade Surveys ..72. The Population under The Omission of Dropouts ..73. Sampling Procedures and Sample Weights ..73. Questionnaire Administration ..73. Questionnaire Research Design and Procedures for the Eighth- and Tenth-Grade Surveys ..74. Mode of Questionnaire Forms and Sample Proportions.

6 75. Research Design and Procedures for the Twelfth-Grade Follow-up Surveys ..76. Follow-Up Procedures ..76. Follow-Up Questionnaire Format ..77. Representativeness and Sample Accuracy ..77. School Participation ..77. Student Participation ..79. Sampling Accuracy of the Estimates ..80. Panel Surveys ..80. Validity of Measures of Self-Reported Drug Consistency and Measurement of Trends ..81. iv DETAILED CONTENTS (continued). Chapter 4 Prevalence of Drug Use in Early, Middle, and Later Adulthood ..87. Replicability of The Importance of Adjusted Lifetime Prevalence Estimates ..88. Prevalence of Drug Use Across Age Groups ..90. Prevalence Comparisons for Subgroups of Young Adults ..99. Gender Differences ..99. Regional Differences ..100. Population Density Differences ..102. Chapter 5 Trends in Drug Use in Early and Middle Recent Trends in Drug Use Among Young Adults Ages 19-28.

7 141. Longer-Term Trends in Early and Middle Adulthood ..142. Trends for Important Subgroups of Young Adults ..154. Gender Differences in Trends ..154. Regional Differences in Trends ..161. Population Density Differences in Trends ..167. Chapter 6 Attitudes and Beliefs About Drugs Among Young Adults ..236. Perceived Harmfulness of Drugs ..236. Personal Disapproval of Drug Use ..243. Cohort Differences and Their Implications for Prevention Theory ..247. Chapter 7 The Social Peer Norms Among Young Adults (Ages 18-30) ..293. Perceptions of Close Friends' Attitudes (Ages 18 to 30) ..294. Trends in Peer Norms (Ages 18 to 30) ..295. Adults Exposure to Drug Use Through Friends and Others (Ages 18 to 55) ..297. Exposure to Drug Use (Ages 18 to 55) ..298. Trends in Exposure to Drug Use (Ages 18 to 55).

8 300. Perceived Availability of Drugs Among Adults (Ages 18 to 55) ..304. Perceived Availability ..304. Trends in Perceived Availability ..305. Chapter 8 Prevalence of Drug Use Among College Students and Their Noncollege Peers ..364. Definition of College Prevalence of Drug Use Among College Students Versus Their Noncollege Peers ..365. Gender Differences in Prevalence of Use Among College Students and Their Noncollege Peers ..367. v Chapter 9 Trends in Drug Use Among College Students and Their Noncollege Peers ..375. Trends in Prevalence, 1980- 2015 : College Students Versus Those Not Enrolled in College ..376. Gender Differences in Trends Among College Students ..387. vi LIST OF TABLES. Click on any item below (in blue) to go directly to that page. Table 2-1 Trends in Lifetime Prevalence of Use of Various Drugs for 8th, 10th, and 12th Graders, College Students, and Young Adults (Ages 19.)

9 28) ..41. Table 2-2 Trends in Annual Prevalence of Use of Various Drugs for 8th, 10th, and 12th Graders, College Students, and Young Adults (Ages 19 . 28) ..48. Table 2-3 Trends in 30-Day Prevalence of Use of Various Drugs for 8th, 10th, and 12th Graders, College Students, and Young Adults (Ages 19 . 28) ..58. Table 2-4 Trends in 30-Day Prevalence of Daily Use of Various Drugs for 8th, 10th, and 12th Graders, College Students, and Young Adults (Ages 19 28) ..66. Table 3-1 Sample Sizes and Response Table 3-2 Substance Use Among Ages 19 28, Based on 2013 Data from MONITORING the FUTURE and the National Survey on Drug Use and Health ..84. Table 4-1 Prevalence of Use of Various Types of Drugs by Gender Among Respondents of Modal Ages 19 30, 2015 ..104. Table 4-2 Lifetime Prevalence of Use of Various Types of Drugs by Subgroups Among Respondents of Modal Ages 19 30, 2015 .

10 107. Table 4-3 Annual Prevalence of Use of Various Types of Drugs by Subgroups Among Respondents of Modal Ages 19 30, 2015 ..110. Table 4-4 Thirty-Day Prevalence of Use of Various Types of Drugs by Subgroups Among Respondents of Modal Ages 19 30, 2015 ..113. Table 4-5 Thirty-Day Prevalence of Daily Use of Various Types of Drugs by Subgroups Among Respondents of Modal Ages 19 30, 2015 ..117. Table 5-1 Trends in Lifetime Prevalence of Various Types of Drugs Among Respondents of Modal Ages 19 28 ..175. Table 5-2 Trends in Annual Prevalence of Various Types of Drugs Among Respondents of Modal Ages 19 28 ..177. Table 5-3 Trends in 30-Day Prevalence of Various Types of Drugs Among Respondents of Modal Ages 19 28 ..179. Table 5-4 Trends in 30-Day Prevalence of Daily Use of Various Types of Drugs Among Respondents of Modal Ages 19 28.