Multi-Industry Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS ...

1 United States Environmental Protection Agency Multi-Industry Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) Study 2021 Preliminary Report September 2021 THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Water (4303T) 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20460 EPA-821-R-21-004 THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANKT able of Contents i Table of Contents 1. Executive Summary .. 1-1 2. Multi-Industry PFAS Study Background.

2 2-1 3. PFAS Overview .. 3-1 PFAS Classifications and Characteristics .. 3-1 Nonpolymer PFAS .. 3-3 Polymer PFAS .. 3-7 Phase Out and Replacement of Certain Long-Chain PFAS with Short-Chain PFAS .. 3-7 Environmental Fate and Transport of PFAS .. 3-8 PFAS Exposure and Health Effects .. 3-9 4. Data Collection Activities .. 4-1 Data Sources and 4-1 Protection of Confidential Business Information .. 4-7 5. Review of the OCPSF Point Source Category .. 5-1 Industry Description, Manufacture, and Use of PFAS.

3 5-1 Stakeholder Outreach .. 5-3 PFAS Wastewater Regulatory Requirements and Controls .. 5-4 Wastewater Characteristics .. 5-7 OCPSF Point Source Category Summary .. 5-10 6. Review of the Metal Finishing Point Source Category .. 6-1 Industry Description and Use of PFAS .. 6-1 Stakeholder Outreach .. 6-2 PFAS Wastewater Regulatory Requirements and Controls .. 6-2 Wastewater Characteristics .. 6-3 Metal Finishing Point Source Category Summary .. 6-4 7. Review of the Pulp, Paper, and Paperboard Point Source Category.

4 7-1 Industry Description and Use of PFAS .. 7-1 Stakeholder Outreach .. 7-2 PFAS Wastewater Regulatory Requirements and Controls .. 7-5 Wastewater Characterization .. 7-5 Pulp, Paper, and Paperboard Point Source Category Summary .. 7-7 8. Review of the Textile Mills Point Source Category .. 8-1 Industry Description and Use of PFAS .. 8-1 Table of Contents ii Stakeholder Outreach .. 8-2 PFAS Wastewater Regulatory Requirements and Controls .. 8-2 Wastewater Characteristics .. 8-3 Textile Mills Point Source Category Summary.

5 8-3 9. Review of the Commercial Airport Point Source Category .. 9-1 Industry Description and Use of PFAS .. 9-1 Stakeholder Outreach .. 9-3 PFAS Wastewater Regulatory Requirements and Controls .. 9-3 PFAS Releases Associated with AFFF Use .. 9-3 Commercial Airports Point Source Category Summary .. 9-4 10. Review of PFAS Treatment Technologies .. 10-1 Conventional Treatment Technologies .. 10-4 Adsorption .. 10-4 Activated Carbon .. 10-4 Ion Exchange Resins .. 10-5 Other Adsorbents for PFAS Removal.

6 10-5 Membrane Filtration .. 10-5 Incineration/Thermal Treatment .. 10-6 Advanced Oxidation and Reduction Processes .. 10-6 Advanced Oxidation Processes .. 10-7 Advanced Reduction Processes .. 10-7 Emerging PFAS Treatment Technologies .. 10-7 11. References .. 11-1 List of Figures Figure 1. PFAS Classes and Groups Discussed in this Preliminary Report .. 3-2 Figure 2. Molecular Structures of PFOA (left) and PFOS (right) .. 3-3 List of Tables Table 1. Point Source Categories Included in Multi-Industry PFAS Study.

7 2-2 Table 2. Nonpolymer PFAS Included in Collected Discharge Data and EPA s Cross-Agency PFAS Research List .. 3-5 Table 3. Summary of Draft and Final Health Effects Information for Short-Chain PFAS, PFOA, and PFOS .. 3-11 Table 4. Multi-Industry PFAS Study Data Sources .. 4-2 Table 5. Applicability of 40 CFR Part 414 Subparts to Manufacture of Products and Product Groups .. 5-1 Table 6. OCPSF Facilities Identified as PFAS Manufacturers or PFAS Formulators .. 5-3 Table of Contents iii Table 7.

8 PFAS Wastewater Regulatory Requirements and Controls for PFAS Manufacturers and PFAS Formulators .. 5-5 Table 8. PFAS Manufacturer and PFAS Formulator PFAS Wastewater Concentrations .. 5-8 Table 9. Chromium Electroplating Wastewater PFAS Concentrations .. 6-4 Table 10. Summary of AF&PA Member Company Mills Using PFAS .. 7-3 Table 11. Pulp, Paper, and Paperboard Wastewater PFAS Concentrations .. 7-6 Table 12. Textile Mill Wastewater PFAS Concentrations .. 8-3 Table 13. Summary of Available PFAS Treatment Technologies.

9 10-2 Table 14. Emerging PFAS Destruction Technologies .. 10-8 Abbreviations iv Abbreviations ACC American Chemistry Council ADONA trade name for ammonium 4,8-dioxa-3H-perfluorononanoate, one chemical used in a 3M fluoropolymer processing aid technology AF&PA American Forest and Paper Association AFFF aqueous film-forming foam APFO ammonium perfluorooctanoate (ammonium salt of PFOA) ASTSWMO Association of State and Territorial Solid Waste Management Officials ATSDR United States Department of Health and Human Services.

10 Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry BAF bioaccumulation factor BCF bioconcentration factor CAFE National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Chemical Aquatic Fate and Effects database CBI confidential business information CDR Chemical Data Reporting CFR Code of Federal Regulations CWA Clean Water Act DMR discharge monitoring report DOD United States Department of Defense DONA trade name for 4,8-dioxa-3H-perfluorononanoic acid, one chemical used in a 3M fluoropolymer processing aid technology DWTD Drinking Water Treatability Database DWTP drinking water treatment plant ELGs Effluent Limitations Guidelines and Standards EPA United States Environmental Protection Agency EPA OPPT United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention, Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics ETFE ethylene tetrafluoroethylene F- 53B trade name for chlorinated Polyfluoroalkyl ether sulfonic acids.