national Human development RepoRt 2013 RuRal …

1 RuRal development in Bosnia and HeRzegovina:mytH and Realitynational Human development RepoRt 2013 The basic purpose of development is to enlarge people s choices. In principle, these choices can be infinite and can change over time. People often value achievements that do not show up at all, or not immediately, in income or growth figures: greater access to knowledge, better nutrition and health services, more secure livelihoods, security against crime and physical violence, satisfying leisure hours, political and cultural freedoms and sense of participation in community activities.

2 The objective of development is to create an enabling environment for people to enjoy long, healthy and creative lives. Mahbub ul Haq (1934-1998), Founder of the Human development ReportUNDP partners with people at all levels of society to help build nations that can withstand crisis, and drive and sustain the kind of growth that improves the quality of life for everyone. On the ground in 177 countries and territories, we offer global perspective and local insight to help empower lives and build resilient extracts from this RepoRt may be reproduced, unaltered, without authorisation, on condition that the source is 2013 by the United Nations development Programme (UNDP) in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Zmaja od Bosne , 71000, : Armin Sir oNHDR lead author: Steve GossTeam leader: Goran ivkovCopy editor and proofreader: Tara BrayBackground papers and analysis (in alphabetical order).

3 Sabahudin Bajramovi , Ivana Duli -Markovi , Majda Fetahagi , Steve Goss, Jasminka Joldi , Zdenka M. Kova , Fahrudin Memi , Aleksandar Nacev, Aleksandra Nikoli , Gordana Rokvi , Goran ivkovPeer reviewers (in alphabetical order): Sanjin Avdic, Nedim atovi , Katarina Crnjanski, Radu ka Cupa , Vlaj i Mersiha ur i , Elena Danilova-Cross, Nera Monir Divan, Envesa Hod i -Kova , Andrey Ivanov, D enan Kapetanovi , John Millns, Mihail Peleah, Adela Pozder- engi , Renata Radeka, Armin Sir o, Ben Slay and Jana TrostISSN 2303-503 XThe views expressed in this RepoRt are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the United Nations Develop-ment Human development RepoRt 2013 // taBle oF CoNteNtSForewordExecutive Summary Introduction Human development and RuRal Human development in Bosnia and What is RuRal development ?

4 Poverty in urban and RuRal areas of BiH The theory and practice of RuRal Theory PracticeWhat is special about Bosnia and Herzegovina? How RuRal is Bosnia and Herzegovina? Distribution of RuRal areas in BiH Population distribution in A statistical comparison of RuRal and urban Net migration Labour force Average wage Cities, other urban, and ruralThe Multi-Indicator Cluster SurveyWhat are the trends affecting BiH and its RuRal areas? Movement out of agriculture Movement from RuRal to urban Agricultural Factors affecting the pace of RuRal -urban The consequences of climate Options to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from Options to respond to climate change 1 2 3 45 7913161718182121232731353839394142444547 495355575859596263 TABLE OF CONTENTS4 national Human development RepoRt 2013 // taBle oF CoNteNtSWhat are the special features of life in RuRal areas?

5 migration RuRal Age Household Income and Employment and RuRal household Households divided by primary income Income Employment, income and gender Informal Agriculture and farm Income from On-farm Agricultural training and Factors affecting use of training, advice and The education system in Education and Access to infrastructure and Social activities and Attitudes to EU RuRal versus urban Future plans and Climate Social inclusion and social capitalHow important is agriculture in the overall picture? What is agriculture like in Bosnia and Herzegovina?

6 Livestock Contribution of agriculture to RuRal household Share of RuRal employment in Regional variations in the importance of So how important is agriculture to RuRal BiH?676567686972727373747779808282838586 8991919598101101102103103103104105107108 1121131131141155 national Human development RepoRt 2013 // taBle oF EU RuRal development policy and why BiH is The reality of Should it be a policy goal to keep people in RuRal areas? What do people do in RuRal areas? What are the main opportunities for RuRal areas? The need for Defining RuRal Analysing the differences between Understanding urban Consulting on infrastructure and The quality of BureaucracySummary and Comparing RuRal and urban Understanding the role of Nationwide improvements that will benefit RuRal Priorities for RuRal developmentThe real agenda for RuRal BiHAppendixHuman development RepoRt 2013 .

7 HDI Global RankingsAnnexes8910656768697272737374777 9808282838586899191959810110110210310310 3104105107108112113113114115117119120122 124125128128128129130131132134135139 141142143143144 148149157 national Human development RepoRt 2013 // iNtRoDuCtioN6 national Human development RepoRt 2013 // FoReWoRD7 Dear Reader,It is my distinct pleasure to present to you the eighth national Human development RepoRt for Bos-nia and Herzegovina. The RepoRt is dedicated to a topic that is repeatedly on the minds of citizens and policymakers alike; a subject riddled with myths and preconceptions - RuRal development .

8 The analysis presented in this NHDR tries to identify the myths and to focus on and open the debate on the and Herzegovina (BiH) is one of Europe s most RuRal countries and over sixty percent of the country s citizens live in RuRal areas. As such, a central question regularly argued by political and economic leaders is: do these RuRal areas, and agriculture in particular, have the potential to become the engine of BiH s economy. It equally poses questions as to the advantages and disadvantages of RuRal life: are these RuRal areas sanctuaries from urban pressures, the epitome of a long and healthy life, or are they solitary places, on the edge of misery, far from the political, economic and social structures of the nearest urban centres?

9 Finding the answers to these two questions is a crucial step forward for Human development in Bosnia and national Human development RepoRt explores these questions, focusing specifically on RuRal issues through the ever-present myths and stereotypes. Debunking these myths, how-ever, is not in itself an end, nor does the RepoRt intend to become an all-encompassing blueprint for RuRal development in the country. Its main goal is to prepare the ground for a candid debate regarding the future of RuRal development , especially in the context of the country s eventual European approximation process.

10 For some people the findings of the RepoRt may come as a surprise, but for most they should be convincing enough to initiate a conversation about the future of the country and more spe-cifically the role of its RuRal communities. Common perceptions portray rurality as a synonym for underdevelopment and backwardness, yet, RuRal areas are not any significantly worse off than towns; indeed, small towns are often more impoverished and disadvantaged than vil-lages. Likewise, the RepoRt argues that contrary to popular belief, agriculture is unlikely to be the driver of RuRal economic development in the country.