o CAMOUFLAGE AND DECEPTION TECHNIQUES …

1 Availablie CopyReport 2310o CAMOUFLAGE AND DECEPTION TECHNIQUESFOR URBAN WARFAREby 9 Thomas StackThis Document October 1980 Reproduced FromBest Available CopyApproved for public release; distribution ARMY MOBILITY EQUIPMENTRESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT COMMANDFORT BELVOIR, VIRGINIABest Available Copy8 1 2 06 0 6 Destroy this report when it is no longer not return it to the citation in this report of trade names of commerciallyavailable products does not constitute official endorsementor approval of the use of such Available CopyUNeLASSWIFl0 SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE (Wb*. Date 9"fo_____REPORT DOCUMENTATrON PAGE BEFORE COMPLETING MUNGE 1t2. GOVT ACCESSION NO. RECIPIEK~j4 XAQQ Mfljfl--2320 e~/7 J r~ ' ~ i-( ( AMOUFLAGE AND DECEPTION TECHNIQUES FOR 7 Final WIARFARE,- 1 97418W /7. AU"Olil'a) .CONTRACT GA GRANT NUMBER~o)06. 01911 TRMUINORGANIATIOENT NAME AND ADRSS1. RGRMELM ROETTSC appoulagad forpubl apic Leasebdsriationy RA4 WRKUI UDSl.)

2 CONTRLLIENGA NOFFIESNM MDRSC ommaEY der, S Moblit ~ nti~ Reeac a~nd Ocll 8 Develpmetio Count;ATN: D e-rT ureilanc TNmactiaCamoulageDeco UrbOIGAECYMMEAADISSi 011 Ian Camourflage Ofc) W rpot-pr-A diforusion ofeae historibaltechniqueandifutued wt ofaeiCmurawaflare. T eotepaieUrrent capfabiites inCamouflage andrdceptionand concludes that CAMOUFLAGE and DECEPTION TECHNIQUES when used properly can providesignificant tactical results in urban warfare . _____DID W 43 Em-nom or I mov. 49is O111 ETZ UNCLASSIFIED / 1 )scsYCLASIMPICATION OP THIS PACE (1110 Dot- ff-t--4)Reproduced FromBest Available CopySUMMARYThe purpose of this report is to analyze urban warfare from a CAMOUFLAGE complex mlodes of detection and the intricate character of the urban multiple methods of CAMOUFLAGE and DECEPTION have [wen compiled for use in urbanwarfare. The product is a guide for identifying needs for future TECHNIQUES and equi[-ment and their task of this work was to define the urban area.]]

3 Recognizing its important trans-portation and communications systems. Research included historical analysis, statisticalstudy of urban growth. andi an inquiry into the present worldwide doctrine dealing withurban warfare . Consideration was given to strategic points of view, concentrating onthose tactics deemed relevant to urban warfare : aerial reconnaissance. direct ground line report concludes that CAMOUFLAGE and DECEPTION can be tactically significant inurban warfare provided that effective materials are provided and that proper training isgiven to the using ForIFTIS GRA&IDTIC TAB SLU'-n nnno cod e/ Just ificati nDpistribz;t ion/AvaiIn'b ity Codes;Avnil -and/or:Di t Sptc i,11 Preceding Page BlankItioiBEST AVAILABLE COPYPREFACEThe investigation was conducted by Thomas T. Steck. Physicist. under the supervisionif Allan T. Sylvester, Chief. Customer Assistance Branch. The overall supervisor wasHenry R. Atkinson.

4 Chief. Research Technology Division. CAMOUFLAGE anSd ]ItqivSs ,A*1, -CONTENTSS ection Title PageSUMMARY iiiPREFACE ivILLUSTRATIONS viiMETRIC CONVERSION FACTORS ixI INTRODUCTION IIf BACKGROUND INVESTIGATION 4IV DISCUSSIONA. Goals for Urban CAMOUFLAGE and DECEPTION 13B. Achieving CAMOUFLAGE and DECEPTION in Urban Areas 16C. Car iouflage and DECEPTION Materials and TECHNIQUES for 18 Use in Urban/Suburban AiasI. Urban CAMOUFLAGE Colors 182. Urban (amouflage Patterns 183. Urbin CAMOUFLAGE Net (Drape) 194. Urban Flat-top Net 205. Pseudo Masonry Landmine 216. Penlight Smoke Stick 227. Decoy Building 238. CAMOUFLAGE Set/House Extension 239. Brown (Dull) Coated Communication Wire 2510. Foam CAMOUFLAGE for Landmines 25I 1. Acoustic Grenade 2612. Glue-on Rubble 2613. Decoy Urban Camoutlage Nets 2714. Claymore Mine CAMOUFLAGE Set 2815. Urban Spider Hole Covers for Antitank Teams 2916. Vertical CAMOUFLAGE Screens 3017. Fake-Damage Kit for Buildings and Bridges 3118.)

5 Street Sign Kit 32vBEST AVAILABLE (CONTINUED)Section Title Page19. Urban Two- and Three-Dimensional Tank Decoy 3220. Rubble Net (Urban) 3421. Urban CAMOUFLAGE Uniform 34D. CAMOUFLAGE and DECEPTION Materials and TECHNIQUES for 34 Use in Rural and Urban AreasI. Decoy Soldier, Inflatable 352. Fire/Flame Simulator 353. Tank-Tread Simulator 364. Non-Reflective Coating and Attachments for Glasses, 37 Binomalars, and Telescope5. Wood/Cardboard Box Decoy Manuals 376. Gun-Blast Dust Apron 37 37. Gun-Blast Dust Simulator 388. Decoy Dragon Teeth 389. Dummy Oil Drums, Blivets, and Pillows 4110. TOW Missile Simulator 42II. Decoy Landmine 43 212. Machine Gun/Rifle Fire Simulator 4413. Vulcan Simulator 4714. Decoy Ribbon Bridge 4815. Decoy Armored Vehicle Launched Bridge (AVLB) 4816. Railroad Rolling Stock CAMOUFLAGE 4917. Field Expedient Decoy Machine Gun ( mm..50 cal.) 49i8. CAMOUFLAGE Coloring Kit for Engineer Tape 4919. TexturedCoatings for Rifle Barrels and Stocks 4920.

6 Tone Down of Brass Cartridges 5021. Decoy Reflecting Surfaces 5022. Vehicles for Radar Simulation of Weapon Systems 5023. Fuel Tank Truck CAMOUFLAGE 5024. Thermal Signature Modification Unit 5125. Drone Decoy Helicopter 5126. Decoy Cloth and Paper 5227. CAMOUFLAGE Tape 5238. Spray-on and Radar-Reflective Plastic 52V CONCLUSIONS 52 BIBLIOGRAPHY 54viBEST AVA1 LABLE COPYI-,A-5-ILLUSTRATIONSF igure Title PageI CAMOUFLAGE of Hamburg Harbor Area 72 Arab Decoy SAM Site 03 Diagram of German Pillbox Disguised as a House 124 US Army Simulation Device. Very Low Fidelity, Pneumatic 14 Superstructure Truck, Painted Canvas5 US Army Simulation Devices, Low-Fidelity, Pneumatic, Howitzer. 14105-mm with Carriage, and Tank, Light with 76-mm Gun6 US Army Simulation Devices, Pneumatic, High-Fidelity, Tank 15 Medium. M4A3. with 14)5-mm Gun. and Medium-Fidelity. Cannon280-mm (Atomic Cannon)Modified Net Support System for Urban CAMOUFLAGE Net -19 Triangular Foot with Expandable Clamp -Clamp Spreader8 Urban Flat-top Net -Top and Side Views 209 Pseudo Masonry Landmine M19 2110 Pscudo Masonry Landmine bA2 22II Decoy Building -Hiding Vulcan 2312 CAMOUFLAGE Set/House Extension -Oblique 2413 CAMOUFLAGE Set/House Extension -Vertical 2514 Trailer-Mounted Foaming Unit 26is Urban Decoy Net 2716 Advertisement-Sign Claymore 28viiBEST AVAILABLE COPY.

7 FirILLUSTRATIONS (CONTINUED)Figure Title Page17 Urban Spider Hole Co!,er Net and Support 2918 Vertical Wall Screen 3019 Steps in Simulating Damages to a Building 3120 Cloth Decoy Tank -Three Dimensions by Addition of Supports 3221 Cloth Decoy Tank Vertical View 3322 Decoy Dragon Teeth 3923 Decoy Dragon Teeth Deployed in a City Street 4024 Decoy Fuel Drum and Pillow, Decoy Fuel Storage with Kill Zone 4125 TOW Missile Simulator 4226 Foam Decoy. M19, Plastic Antitank Mine 4327 Surface Landmine Decoys. XM-67 and XM-70 4428 Old Style MG/Rifle Fire Simulator 4529 Old Style Clockwork and Initiator Mechanism for MG/Rifle Fire 45 Simulator30 Machine Gun Simulator -New Type 4631 Vulcan Simulator 47viii BEST AVAILABLE COPY IIle9 METRIC CONVERSION FACTORSA pproximate Conversions to Metric MeasuresSymbol When You Know Multiply by To Find SymbolLENGTH '"_in inches centimeters cm -It feet 30 centimeters cmVyd yards meters InSInmiles kiormeters kmAREAim2 square inches square centimeters Cm'It2 square feet square meters 2yd2 square yards square meters in2mi2 square mnies square kilometers ki2acres hectares ha0In__MASS (weight)0z ounces 28 grams t"lb poundh 0,45 kilaerams kgshort tons metric tons t(2000 Ib) ,VOLUMEtsp teaspokns 5 milliliters mlTbsp tablespoons 15 milliliters l.

8 -Vf Oz fluid ounces 30 milliliters ilc cups liters Lpt pints liters Lqt quarts liters Lgal gallons liters Lft3 cubic feet cubic meters nr--ydj cubic yards c ,r-m t5-T "3iTEMPERATURE (exact)"Fahrenheit 5/9 (after Celsius ctemperature subtracting temperature32)I in cm (exactly).a,=ixM. ,Approximate Conversions from Metric MeasuresSymbol When You Know Multiply by To Find Symbol__- __ ,LENGTHmm millimetort inches in-Cm centimeters inches inm- r meters feet ft ]0 m mewter yards ydkm kilometers miles miAREAcm2 square centimetars square inches in2m2 square meters square yards yd22 square kilometers sqVare miles mi2ha hectares (10 000 m2) acresI, ~~~~~~-___ i ggam -i~. ~ OneS MASS (weight)gI~rams ounces ozkg kilograms pounds Ibmetric tons (100O kg) short tons_ _VOLUMEm! milliliters fluid ounces f' ozSL liters pints ptL liters quarts qtliters gallons gal-mf cubic meters 35 cubic feet ft3m3 cubi meters c;ubic yards yd!

9 ! _ TEMPERATURE (exact)_temperature add 32) temperatureOF 32 9&6 212-40 0 40 IO I 120 160 200w-- -40 -20 0 20 140 60 80 1000 C 2 37 ooX;I* CAMOUFLAGE AND DECEPTION TECHNIQUES FOR URBAN WARFAREI. INTRODUCTIONThe problemis inherent in urban warfare are as old as mankind; the city provided thedefender an area for consolidation of forces and hopeful expulsion of the invader. Withits narrow streets and interior lines, the city prevented the invader from using his mobileforces (chariots; cavalry; tanks) effectively, thus reducing the speced of the attacking forcesto that of the infantry. In addition, every building became a fortress from which thedefender held off the enemy and inflicted heavy casualties upon him. The inherent defen-sive advantage of a city has continued to the present. The overall effect has been to con-vince the strategists and tacticians to state in their Field Manuals "avoid combat withincities."Nevertheless, combat in cities occurs because of overriding conditions: The cities areastride niajor conmmunication, transportation, and fuel lines; cities occupy or control keyterrain and mineral deposits; and cities are important as political or economic addition.

10 Comlat in a city may result from its occupation with such a large force asto enable the defenders to use the city as a stepping-off point for a , the city may require such a large force and so much time for investiture andsiege operations as to compel the attacker to eliminate the city as a threat. Furthermore,the cily and its sprawling suburbaan area and nearby conmnunities, have made the doc-Irine of "lby-pass and] isolate -- avoid comblat in [lie city" unrealistic and impossible toachieve. The end result, then, is combat in the tihe city can be transformed into a fortress quickly, the combat frequen:lybecomes a niassive slugging match; a battle of attrition, consisting of a great number ofindividual conibat actions. The height of the buildings prevents flat trajectory artillery,even howitzers. from being used effectively except as direct-fire weapons.' 2 3 The streetscan be criss-crossed with machine-gun fire of such inlensity that infantry cannot move.