on Auditing (UK) 540 (Revised) International Standard

1 Financial Reporting CouncilDecember 2018 International Standardon Auditing (UK) 540 ( revised ) Auditing Accounting Estimates and Related DisclosuresAudit and AssuranceStandardFurther copies, ???.00 (post-free) can be obtainedfrom:FRC PublicationsLexis House30 Farringdon StreetLondonEC4A 4 HHTel: 0845 370 1234 Email: order online at: 11/26/2018 2:00 PM Page 1 The FRC's mission is to promote transparency and integrity in business. The FRC sets the UK Corporate Governance and Stewardship Codes and UK standards for accounting and actuarial work; monitors and takes action to promote the quality of corporate reporting; and operates independent enforcement arrangements for accountants and actuaries.

2 As the Competent Authority for audit in the UK the FRC sets Auditing and ethical standards and monitors and enforces audit FRC does not accept any liability to any party for any loss, damage or costs howsoever arising, whether directly or indirectly, whether in contract, tort or otherwise from any action or decision taken (or not taken) as a result of any person relying on or otherwise using this document or arising from any omission from (UK) 540 ( revised December 2018) Auditing Accounting Estimates andRelated Disclosurescontains copyright material of the Financial ReportingCouncil Ltd (FRC) which is based on ISA 540 ( revised ) Auditing AccountingEstimates and Related Disclosuresof the International Auditing andAssurance standards Board (IAASB), published by the InternationalFederation of Accountants (IFAC) in October 2018 and used with permission of IFAC.

3 ISA (UK) 540 ( revised December 2018) Auditing Accounting Estimates andRelated Disclosures December 2018 by the Financial Reporting Council Ltd (FRC). Contact for permission to reproduce, store or transmit, or to make other similar uses of this 540 ( revised ) Auditing Accounting Estimates and Related Disclosures October 2018 by the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC).Contact for permission to reproduce, store or transmit,or to make other similar uses of this 12/11/2018 8:12 AM Page 2 International Standardon Auditing (UK) 540 ( revised ) Auditing Accounting Estimates andRelated DisclosuresFinancial Reporting CouncilDecember 2018 International Standard ON Auditing (UK) 540( revised DECEMBER 2018) Auditing ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES ANDRELATED DISCLOSURES(Effective for audits of financial statements for periods beginning on or after15 December 2019)CONTENTSP aragraphIntroductionScope of this ISA (UK).

4 1 Nature of Accounting 3 Key Concepts of This ISA (UK) ..4 9 Effective Date .. Assessment Procedures and Related Activities ..13 15 Identifying and Assessing the Risks of Material Misstatement ..16 17 Responses to the Assessed Risks of Material Misstatement ..18 30 Disclosures Related to Accounting Estimates ..31 Indicators of Possible Management Bias .. 32 32D-1 Overall Evaluation Based on Audit Procedures Performed ..33 36 Written Representations ..37 Communication with Those Charged With Governance, Management, orOther Relevant Parties ..38 Documentation ..39 Application and Other Explanatory MaterialNature of Accounting A7 Key Concepts of This ISA (UK).

5 A8 A13 Definitions ..A14 A181 Risk Assessment Procedures and Related Activities ..A19 A63 Identifying and Assessing the Risks of Material Misstatement ..A64 A80 Responses to the Assessed Risks of Material Misstatement ..A81 A132 Indicators of Possible Management Bias ..A133 A136 Overall Evaluation Based on Audit Procedures Performed ..A137 A144 Written Representations ..A145 Communication with Those Charged With Governance, Management, orOther Relevant Parties ..A146 A148 Documentation ..A149 A152 Appendix 1: Inherent Risk FactorsAppendix 2: Communications with Those Charged With GovernanceAnnexure: Conforming and Consequential Amendments to Other ISAs (UK) International Standard on Auditing (UK) (ISA (UK)) 540 ( revised December 2018),AuditingAccounting Estimates and Related Disclosures, should be read in conjunction withISA (UK) 200 ( revised June 2016),Overall Objectives of the Independent Auditor and theConduct of an Audit in Accordance with International standards on Auditing (UK).

6 2 ISA (UK) 540 ( revised December 2018)IntroductionScope of this ISA (UK) International Standard on Auditing (UK) (ISA (UK)) deals with the auditor sresponsibilities relating to accounting estimates and related disclosures in an audit offinancial statements. Specifically, it includes requirements and guidance that refer to,or expand on, how ISA (UK) 315 ( revised June 2016),1 ISA (UK) 330 ( revised July2017),2 ISA (UK) 450 ( revised June 2016),3 ISA (UK) 5004and other relevant ISAs (UK)are to be applied in relation to accounting estimates and related disclosures. It alsoincludes requirements and guidance on the evaluation of misstatements of accountingestimates and related disclosures, and indicators of possible management of Accounting estimates vary widely in nature and are required to be made bymanagement when the monetary amounts cannot be directly observed.

7 Themeasurement of these monetary amounts is subject to estimation uncertainty, whichreflects inherent limitations in knowledge or data. These limitations give rise to inherentsubjectivity and variation in the measurement outcomes. The process of makingaccounting estimates involves selecting and applying a method using assumptionsand data, which requires judgment by management and can give rise to complexity inmeasurement. The effects of complexity, subjectivity or other inherent risk factors onthe measurement of these monetary amounts affects their susceptibility tomisstatement. (Ref: Para.)

8 A1 A6, Appendix 1) this ISA (UK) applies to all accounting estimates, the degree to which anaccounting estimate is subject to estimation uncertainty will vary substantially. Thenature, timing and extent of the risk assessment and further audit procedures requiredby this ISA (UK) will vary in relation to the estimation uncertainty and the assessment ofthe related risks of material misstatement. For certain accounting estimates, estimationuncertainty may be very low, based on their nature, and the complexity and subjectivityinvolved in making them may also be very low. For such accounting estimates, the riskassessment procedures and further audit procedures required by this ISA (UK) wouldnot be expected to be extensive.

9 When estimation uncertainty, complexity orsubjectivity are very high, such procedures would be expected to be much moreextensive. This ISA (UK) contains guidance on how the requirements of this ISA (UK)can be scaled. (Ref: Para. A7)1 ISA (UK) 315 ( revised June 2016),Identifying and Assessing the Risks of Material Misstatement throughUnderstanding the entity and Its (UK) 330 ( revised July 2017),The Auditor s Responses to Assessed (UK) 450 ( revised June 2016),Evaluation of Misstatements Identified during the (UK) 500,Audit (UK) 540 ( revised December 2018)Key Concepts of This ISA (UK) ISA (UK) requires a separate assessment of inherent risk for purposes ofassessing the risks of material misstatement at the assertion level for accountingestimates.

10 Depending on the nature of a particular accounting estimate, thesusceptibility of an assertion to a misstatement that could be material may besubject to or affected by estimation uncertainty, complexity, subjectivity or otherinherent risk factors, and the interrelationship among them. As explained in ISA (UK)200 ( revised June 2016),5inherent risk is higher for some assertions and relatedclasses of transactions, account balances and disclosures than for , the assessment of inherent risk depends on the degree to which theinherent risk factors affect the likelihood or magnitude of misstatement, and varies on ascale that is referred to in this ISA (UK) as the spectrum of inherent risk.