Optimal Corrosion Control Treatment Evaluation Technical ...

1 Optimal Corrosion Control Treatment Evaluation Technical Recommendations for Primacy Agencies and Public Water Systems Office of Water (4606M) EPA 816-B-16-003 March 2016 Disclaimer This document provides Technical recommendations to primacy agencies and public water systems (PWSs) in determining the most appropriate Treatment for controlling lead and copper and complying with the Corrosion Control Treatment (CCT) requirements of the Lead and Copper Rule (LCR) that are in place at the time of document publication. The statutory provisions and EPA regulations described in this document contain legally binding requirements. This document is not a regulation itself, nor does it change or substitute for those provisions and regulations. Thus, it does not impose legally binding requirements on EPA, states or the regulated community. This document does not confer legal rights or impose legal obligations upon any member of the public.

2 While EPA has made every effort to ensure the accuracy of the discussion in this document, the obligations of the regulated community are determined by statutes, regulations or other legally binding requirements. In the event of a conflict between the discussion in this document and any statute or regulation, this document would not be controlling. The general descriptions provided here may not apply to a particular situation based upon the circumstances. Interested parties are free to raise questions and objections about the substance of these Technical recommendations and the appropriateness of the application of these Technical recommendations to a particular situation. EPA and other decision makers retain the discretion to adopt approaches on a case-by-case basis that differ from those described in this document, where appropriate. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for their use.

3 This is a living document and may be revised periodically without public notice. EPA welcomes public input on this document at any time. This Page Intentionally Left BlankOCCT Evaluation Technical Recommendations for Primacy Agencies and Public Water Systems i Table of Contents Chapter 1 : Introduction .. 1 Purpose and Audience .. 1 Document Organization .. 2 How to Use this Document .. 3 Chapter 2 : Background Information .. 4 Regulatory Actions to Control Lead and Copper in Drinking Water .. 4 Lead and Copper Regulation .. 4 Control of Lead Content in Plumbing Components .. 6 Sources of Lead and Copper .. 8 Corrosion and Metals Release .. 9 Lead and Copper-Containing Material .. 10 Water Quality Factors Affecting Release of Lead and Copper .. 12 pH, Alkalinity and DIC .. 12 Corrosion Inhibitors .. 13 Hardness (Calcium and Magnesium) .. 14 Buffer Intensity.

4 14 Dissolved Oxygen .. 15 Oxidation-Reduction Potential .. 16 Ammonia, Chloride, and Sulfate .. 17 Natural Organic Matter .. 18 Iron, Manganese, and Aluminum .. 19 Physical and Hydraulic Factors Affecting Release of Lead and Copper .. 20 Physical Disturbances .. 20 Hydraulic Factors .. 20 Water Use .. 21 Water Temperature .. 21 Chapter 3 : Corrosion Control Treatment for Lead and Copper .. 22 Available Corrosion Control Treatment Methods .. 22 pH/Alkalinity/DIC Adjustment .. 23 Phosphate-Based Inhibitors .. 25 Silicate 25 OCCT Evaluation Technical Recommendations for Primacy Agencies and Public Water Systems ii Technical Recommendations for Selecting Treatment Alternatives .. 26 Technical Recommendations for Reviewing Water Quality Data and Other Information (STEP 1).. 27 Technical Recommendations for Evaluating the Potential for Scaling (STEP 2).

5 29 Technical Recommendations for Selecting One or More Treatment Option(s) (STEP 3) .. 30 Technical Recommendations for Identifying Possible Limitations for Treatment Options (STEP 4) .. 41 Technical Recommendations for Evaluating Feasibility and Cost (STEP 5) .. 44 Setting the Target Dose and Water Quality .. 44 pH/Alkalinity/DIC Adjustment .. 44 Phosphate-Based Inhibitors .. 46 Silicate 48 Chapter 4 : Review of Corrosion Control Treatment Steps under the LCR .. 49 Corrosion Control Treatment Steps for Systems Serving 50,000 People .. 50 System Serving 50,000 People Makes OCCT Recommendation (STEP 2) .. 52 Primacy Agency Determines Whether a Study Is Required for System Serving 50,000 People (STEP 3) .. 52 Primacy Agency Designates OCCT for System Serving 50,000 People (STEP 4) .. 53 System Serving 50,000 People Conducts Corrosion Control Study (STEP 5).

6 54 Primacy Agency Designates OCCT for Systems Serving 50,000 People (STEP 6) .. 61 Corrosion Control Steps for Systems Serving > 50,000 People .. 63 Systems Serving >50,000 People Conduct a Corrosion Control Study (STEP 1) .. 64 Primacy Agency Reviews the Study and Designates OCCT for System Serving > 50,000 People (STEP 2) .. 65 Chapter 5 : Requirements and Technical Recommendations for OCCT Start-Up and 66 CCT Start-up .. 66 Start-up of pH/Alkalinity/DIC Adjustment .. 67 Start-up of Phosphate-Based Corrosion Inhibitors .. 67 Follow-up Monitoring during First Year of Operation .. 67 Follow-up Lead and Copper Tap Monitoring .. 68 Follow-up WQP Monitoring .. 68 OCCT Evaluation Technical Recommendations for Primacy Agencies and Public Water Systems iii Evaluating OCCT and Setting Optimal Water Quality Parameters .. 72 Required and Recommended Long-Term Corrosion Control Monitoring.

7 73 Chapter 6 : Impacts of Source Water and Treatment Changes on Lead and Copper in Drinking Water .. 75 Review of LCR Requirements Related to a Change in Source or Treatment .. 75 Impacts of Source Water Changes .. 76 Impacts of Treatment Changes .. 77 Corrosion Control 77 Disinfection .. 78 Coagulation .. 79 Water Softening .. 80 Filtration .. 80 Chapter 7 : References .. 81 Appendix A: Glossary Appendix B: Estimated Dissolved Inorganic Carbon (mg/L as C) based on Alkalinity and pH (with water temperature of 25 degrees C and TDS of 200) Appendix C: Investigative Sampling to Determine the Source of Lead and Copper Appendix D: Water Quality Data and Information Collection Forms Appendix E: OCCT Recommendation Forms for Systems Serving 50,000 People Appendix F: Tools for Conducting Corrosion Control Studies Appendix G: Forms for Follow-up Monitoring and Setting OWQPs OCCT Evaluation Technical Recommendations for Primacy Agencies and Public Water Systems iv Exhibits Exhibit : Timeline of Regulatory Actions Related to the Lead and Copper Rule.

8 5 Exhibit : Typical Water Service Connection that May Provide Sources of Lead (Sandvig et al., 2008) .. 11 Exhibit : Buffer Intensity as a Function of pH at Different DIC Values (Clement and Schock, 1998b, Figure 1) .. 15 Exhibit : Eh -pH Diagram for a Lead-Water-Carbonate System. DS oxidant demand in upper box is distribution system oxidant demand (Schock, 2007a; provided by author) 17 Exhibit : Typical Chemical Processes for pH/Alkalinity Adjustment .. 24 Exhibit : Theoretical Saturation pH for Calcium Carbonate Precipitation (USEPA, 2003) .. 30 Exhibit : Identifying the Appropriate Flowchart for Preliminary CCT Selection .. 31 Exhibit : Review of CCT Requirements and Deadlines for Systems Serving 50,000 People ( (e)) .. 51 Exhibit : Recommended Checklist to Support Determination of the Need for a CCT Study for Systems Serving 50,000 People .. 53 Exhibit : Corrosion Control Study Requirements1.

9 56 Exhibit : Recommended Checklist to Support Primacy Agency Determination of When to Require a Desktop or Demonstration Study for Systems Serving 50,000 People .. 57 Exhibit : Possible Outline for a Desktop Study 59 Exhibit : Possible Outline for a Demonstration Study Report .. 60 Exhibit : Recommendations for Primacy Agency Review of Desktop 61 Exhibit : Recommendations for Primacy Agency Review of Demonstration Study .. 62 Exhibit : Summary of CCT Requirements and Deadlines for Systems Serving > 50,000 People ( (e)) .. 63 Exhibit : Required Number of Sites for Follow-up Lead and Copper Tap Monitoring .. 68 Exhibit : Follow-up WQP Monitoring Requirements1 and Recommendations .. 70 Exhibit : Required and Recommended Number of Sites for Follow-up WQP Tap Monitoring 71 OCCT Evaluation Technical Recommendations for Primacy Agencies and Public Water Systems v Flowcharts Flowchart 1a: Selecting Treatment for Lead only or Lead and Copper with pH <.

10 32 Flowchart 1b: Selecting Treatment for Lead only or Lead and Copper with pH from to . 33 Flowchart 1c: Selecting Treatment for Lead only or Lead and Copper with pH > to .. 34 Flowchart 1d: Selecting Treatment for Lead only or Lead and Copper with pH > .. 35 Flowchart 2a: Selecting Treatment for Copper Only with pH < 36 Flowchart 2b: Selecting Treatment for Copper Only with pH from to .. 37 Flowchart 2c: Selecting Treatment for Copper Only with pH > .. 38 Flowchart 3a: Selecting Treatment for Lead and/or Copper with Iron and Manganese in Finished Water and pH < .. 39 Flowchart 3b: Selecting Treatment for Lead and/or Copper with Iron and Manganese in Finished Water and pH .. 40 OCCT Evaluation Technical Recommendations for Primacy Agencies and Public Water Systems vi Acronyms AL Action Level ANSI American National Standards Institute AWWA American Water Works Association CCPP Calcium Carbonate Precipitation Potential CCT Corrosion Control Treatment COC Chain of Custody CSMR Chloride-to-Sulfate Mass Ratio CWS Community Water System DBP Disinfection Byproduct DBPR Disinfection Byproducts Rule DIC Dissolved Inorganic Carbon DO Dissolved Oxygen EDS Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy EMF Electromotive Force EPA Environmental Protection Agency HAA5 Haloacetic Acids ICP-MS Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectroscopy LCR Lead and Copper Rule LCR LTR Long-term Revisions to the Lead and Copper Rule LSI Langelier Saturation Index LSL Lead Service Line LT2 ESWTR Long Term 2 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule MCLG Maximum Contaminant Level Goal MDBPR