ORANGUTAN Pongo CARE MANUAL - Association of Zoos …

1 CREATED BY THE AZA Ape Taxon Advisory Group & ORANGUTAN Species Survival Plan Program IN Association WITH THE AZA animal Welfare Committee ORANGUTAN ( Pongo ) CARE MANUAL ORANGUTAN (Pongidae/ Pongo ) Care MANUAL Association of Zoos and Aquariums 2 ORANGUTAN ( Pongo ) Care MANUAL Published by the Association of Zoos and Aquariums in Association with the AZA animal Welfare Committee Formal Citation: AZA Ape Taxon Advisory Group. (2017). ORANGUTAN ( Pongo ) Care MANUAL . Silver Spring, MD: Association of Zoos and Aquariums. Original Completion Date: February 2015 Authors and Significant Contributors: Anne Nacey Maggioncalda, Duke University, (former) Primate researcher Barb Weber, Disney s animal Kingdom, Zoological Manager Barbara Lester, Houston Zoo, Primate Curator (retired) Beth Schaefer, Los Angeles Zoo, General Curator Carol Sodaro, Brookfield Zoo, Associate Curator of Carnivores, Chicago Zoological Society, ORANGUTAN SSP Husbandry Advisor Christine M.

2 Cassella, Cleveland Metroparks Zoo, (former) Graduate Research Associate Christine Mallar, Zoo Atlanta (former) Primate Keeper Cindy Cossaboon, Denver Zoo, Primate Keeper Craig Demitros, Brookfield Zoo, Associate Curator of Primates Danielle Fogarty, Brookfield Zoo, Primate Keeper Deb Schmidt, , Saint Louis Zoo, animal Nutritionist Dina Bredahl, Cheyenne Mountain Zoo, animal Care Manager Elizabeth Frank, Milwaukee County Zoo, Primate Curator (retired) Eve Lyon, Audubon Zoo, Primate Curator (retired) Eve Watts, Audubon Zoo, Primate researcher (retired) Ian Singleton, , Sumatran ORANGUTAN Conservation Programme, Director Ingrid Porton, Saint Louis Zoo, Primate Curator (retired) Jan W. Rafert, Milwaukee County Zoo, Primate Curator (retired) Jane Anne Franklin, Louisville Zoo, Curator of Mammals and animal Training Supervisor Jill Mellen, , Disney s animal Kingdom, Education & Science Director (retired) Joe Smith, DVM, Fort Wayne Children s Zoo, Director of animal Programs Karen S.

3 Killmar, San Diego Zoo, Primate Curator (retired) Laura K. Mayo, Zoo Atlanta, (former) Assistant Curator of Primates Leif Cocks, The ORANGUTAN Project, Founder and President Lori Perkins, Disney s animal Kingdom, Education & Science Director, ORANGUTAN SSP Chair Marty MacPhee, Disney s animal Kingdom, Guest animal Experience Program Manager Marsha Fernandez, Audubon Zoo, (former) Primate Curator Megan Elder, Como Park Zoo and Conservatory, Zoo Keeper, ORANGUTAN SSP Vice Chair Melanie Bond, Smithsonian National Zoological Park, Primate keeper (retired) Meredith Bastian, , Smithsonian s National Zoological Park, Curator of Primates Michelle Shaw, Taronga Conservation Society, Nutritionist Nancy Czekala, Papoose Conservation Wildlife Foundation, Founder and Director Nancy Lung, VMD, Forth Worth Zoo, Director of Veterinary Services (retired) Nava Greenblatt, Brookfield Zoo, Lead Primate Keeper Sally Boutelle, IT/Data Specialist Enrollment Management Southern Illinois University Edwardsville Sandy Walker, Rolling Hills Zoo, Board of Directors President Suzanne Husband, Toledo Zoo & Aquarium, Primate Keeper ORANGUTAN (Pongidae/ Pongo ) Care MANUAL Association of Zoos and Aquariums 3 Reviewers.

4 Meredith Bastian, , Smithsonian National Zoological Park, Curator of Primates Cindy Cossaboon, Denver Zoo, Primate Keeper Megan Elder, Como Park Zoo and Conservatory, Zoo Keeper, ORANGUTAN SSP Vice Chair Austin Leeds, Cleveland Metroparks Zoo, Graduate Research Associate Nancy Lung, VMD, Forth Worth Zoo, Director of Veterinary Services (retired) Lori Perkins, Disney s animal Kingdom, Education & Science Director, ORANGUTAN SSP Chair Joe Smith, DVM, Fort Wayne Children s Zoo, Director of animal Programs Deb Schmidt, , Saint Louis Zoo, animal Nutritionist Carol Sodaro, Brookfield Zoo, Associate Curator of Carnivores, ORANGUTAN SSP Husbandry Advisor AZA Staff Editors: Felicia Spector, animal Care MANUAL Editor Consultant Candice Dorsey, PhD, Director, animal Programs Debborah Luke, PhD, Senior Vice President, Conservation & Science Rebecca Greenberg, animal Programs Coordinator Haley Gordon, AZA Conservation & Science Intern Cover Photo Credits: SSP logo designed by Erin Jones, Utah s Hogle Zoo Disclaimer: This MANUAL presents a compilation of knowledge provided by recognized animal experts based on the current science, practice, and technology of animal management.

5 The MANUAL assembles basic requirements, best practices , and animal care recommendations to maximize capacity for excellence in animal care and welfare. The MANUAL should be considered a work in progress, since practices continue to evolve through advances in scientific knowledge. The use of information within this MANUAL should be in accordance with all local, state, and federal laws and regulations concerning the care of animals. While some government laws and regulations may be referenced in this MANUAL , these are not all-inclusive nor is this MANUAL intended to serve as an evaluation tool for those agencies. The recommendations included are not meant to be exclusive management approaches, diets, medical treatments, or procedures, and may require adaptation to meet the specific needs of individual animals and particular circumstances in each institution.

6 Commercial entities and media identified are not necessarily endorsed by AZA. The statements presented throughout the body of the MANUAL do not represent AZA standards of care unless specifically identified as such in clearly marked sidebar boxes. ORANGUTAN (Pongidae/ Pongo ) Care MANUAL Association of Zoos and Aquariums 4 Table of Contents Introduction .. 6 Taxonomic Classification .. 6 Genus, Species, and Status .. 6 General Information .. 6 Chapter 1. Ambient Environment .. 9 Temperature and Humidity .. 9 Light .. 9 Water and Air Quality .. 10 Sound and Vibration .. 11 Chapter 2. Habitat Design and Containment .. 13 Space and Complexity .. 13 Safety and Containment .. 20 Chapter 3. Records .. 28 Definitions .. 28 Types of Records .. 28 Permit Considerations .. 29 Identification .. 29 Chapter 4. Transport .. 30 Preparations .. 30 Protocols.

7 31 Chapter 5. Social Environment .. 34 Group Structure and Size .. 34 Influence of Others and Conspecifics .. 34 Introductions and Reintroductions .. 35 Chapter 6. Nutrition .. 38 Nutritional Requirements .. 38 Diets .. 42 Nutritional Evaluations .. 47 Chapter 7. Veterinary Care .. 48 Veterinary Services .. 48 Transfer Examination and Diagnostic Testing Recommendations .. 48 Quarantine .. 49 Preventive Medicine .. 52 Capture, Restraint, and Immobilization .. 60 Management of Diseases, Disorders, Injuries and/or 65 Chapter 8. Reproduction .. 73 Reproductive Physiology and Behavior .. 73 Assisted Reproductive Technology .. 75 Pregnancy, Egg-laying/ Parturition .. 75 Birthing/Hatching Facilities .. 81 Assisted Rearing .. 81 Contraception .. 87 Chapter 9. Behavior Management .. 90 ORANGUTAN (Pongidae/ Pongo ) Care MANUAL Association of Zoos and Aquariums 5 animal Training.

8 90 Environmental Enrichment .. 92 Staff and animal Interactions .. 96 Staff Skills and Training .. 96 Chapter 10. Research .. 98 Known Methodologies .. 98 Future Research Needs .. 99 Chapter 11. Other Considerations .. 100 Surplus Animals .. 100 Additional Information .. 100 Acknowledgements .. 101 References .. 102 Appendix A: Accreditation Standards by Chapter .. 112 Appendix B: Recordkeeping Guidelines for Group Accessions .. 117 Appendix C: Guidelines for Creating and Sharing animal and Collection Records .. 121 Appendix D: AZA Policy on Responsible Population Management .. 124 Appendix F: Ambassador (Program) animal Policy and Position Statement .. 135 Appendix G: Browse List .. 139 Appendix H: Target Serum and Tissue Nutrient Evaluations .. 140 Appendix I: Helpful Husbandry Behaviors to Train .. 141 ORANGUTAN (Pongidae/ Pongo ) Care MANUAL Association of Zoos and Aquariums 6 Introduction Preamble AZA accreditation standards, relevant to the topics discussed in this MANUAL , are highlighted in boxes such as this throughout the document (Appendix A).

9 AZA accreditation standards are continuously being raised or added. Staff from AZA-accredited institutions are required to know and comply with all AZA accreditation standards, including those most recently listed on the AZA website ( ), which might not be included in this MANUAL . Taxonomic Classification Table 1. Taxonomic classification for orangutans. Classification Taxonomy Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Order Primates Suborder Haplorhini Family Hominidae Genus, Species, and Status Table 2. Genus, species, and status information for orangutans. Genus Species Common Name USA Status IUCN Status AZA Status Pongo pygmaeus Bornean ORANGUTAN Endangered Critically Endangered Green SSP Pongo abelii Sumatran ORANGUTAN Not Listed Separately Critically Endangered Green SSP Pongo pygmaeus x abelii Hybrid ORANGUTAN Not Listed Separately Not Listed Red SSP General Information The information contained within this animal Care MANUAL (ACM) provides a compilation of animal care and management knowledge that has been gained from recognized species experts, including AZA Taxon Advisory Groups (TAGs), AZA Species Survival Plan Programs (SSPs), biologists, veterinarians, nutritionists, reproduction physiologists, behaviorists and researchers (visit the AZA animal Program page to contact these individuals).

10 It is based on the most current science, practices , and technologies used in animal care and management and is a valuable resource that enhances animal welfare by providing information about the basic requirements needed and best practices known for caring for ex situ ORANGUTAN populations. This ACM is considered a living document that is updated as new information becomes available and at a minimum of every five years. Information presented is intended solely for the education and training of zoo and aquarium personnel at AZA-accredited institutions. Recommendations included in the ACM are not exclusive management approaches, diets, medical treatments, or procedures, and may require adaptation to meet the specific needs of individual animals and particular circumstances in each institution. Statements presented throughout the body of the manuals do not represent specific AZA accreditation standards of care unless specifically identified as such in clearly marked sidebar boxes.