Organization Development Change

1 Organization Development & Change10e Pixmann/Imagezoo/Getty ImagesThomas G. CummingsUniversity of Southern CaliforniaChrist opher G. WorleyUniversity of Southern CaliforniaPepperdine UniversityAustralia Brazil Mexico Singapore United Kingdom United StatesOrganization Development & Change ,Tenth EditionThomas G. Cummings and ChristopherG. WorleySenio r Vic e Presid ent, LRS/Acquis it io ns &Solutio ns Plannin g: Jack oria l Dir ector, Busin ess & Economic s:ErinJoynerProduct Dir ector: Mic hael SchenkProduct Manager: Scott PersonContent Developer: Sarah BlascoProduct Assis tant: Tamara GregaBrand Manager: RobinLeFevreMarket Development Manager:Emil y Horowit zMarketin g Coordin ator: Mic hael SaverManufacturin g Planner: Ron MontgomeryArt and Cover Dir ectio n, Productio nManagement, and Composit io n:PreMedia GlobalAssocia te MediaDeveloper: CourtneyBavaroRig hts Acquis it io n Dir ector: AudreyPettengil lSenio r Rig hts Acquis it io n Specia lis t, Textand Image: Amber HoseaCover Image.

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4 And Samuel WorleyIn Memory of the FallenLarry GreinerRichard HackmanTony RaiaEdie SeashoreCharlie SeashoreIn Loving MemoryJessica Joan Worley Pixmann/Imagezoo/Getty ImagesBrief ContentsPrefacexviAbout the AuthorsxxiiCHAPTER 1 General Introduct ion to Organ izat ionDeve lopment1 PART 1 Overviewof OrganizationDevelopment20 CHAPTER 2 The Nat ure of Plan ned Chan ge21 CHAPTER 3 The Organ izat ion Deve lopment Pract itioner45 PART 2 The Proce ssof OrganizationDevelopment74 CHAPTER 4 Entering an d Contract ing75 CHAPTER 5 Diag nosi ng89 CHAPTER 6 Collect ing, Anal yz ing, an d Feeding BackDiag nost ic Informat ion123 CHAPTER 7 Desi gning Interve ntions157 CHAPTER 8 Man ag ing Chan ge179 CHAPTER 9 Eval uat ing an d Inst itutional izingOrgan izat ion Deve lopment Interve ntions207 PART 3 Human Proce ssInterventions264 CHAPTER 10 Interperso nal an d Group Proce ss Approach es 265 CHAPTER 11 Organ izat ion Proce ss Approach es297 PART 4 Tech nost ruct uralInterventions338 CHAPTER 12 Rest ruct uring Organ izat ions339 CHAPTER 13 Employe e Invo lve ment375 CHAPTER 14Wo rk Desi gn403 PART 5 Human Reso urceInterventions438 CHAPTER 15 Performan ce Man ag ement439 CHAPTER 16 Tal ent Man ag ement473 CHAPTER 17Wo rkf orce Dive rsi ty an d We llness497 PART 6

5 Strategic ChangeInterventions528 CHAPTER 18 Tran sf ormat ional Chan ge529 CHAPTER 19 Continuous Chan ge569 CHAPTER 20 Tran so rgan izat ional Chan ge605 PART 7 Speci al Applica tions ofOrganization Development658 CHAPTER 21 Organ izat ion Deve lopment for Eco nomic,Eco logical , an d Soci al Outco mes659 CHAPTER 22 Organ izat ion Deve lopment in Nonindust rialSettings: Heal th Car e, Sch ool Syst ems,the Public Sect or, an d Fam ily Owned685 CHAPTER 23 Future Directions in OrganizationDevelopment731 Glossar y784 Nam e Index793 Subject Index797iv Pixmann/Imagezoo/Getty ImagesContentsPrefacexviAbout the Authorsxxi iCHAPTER 1 General Introduct ion to Organization Development11-1 Organiza tion Development Defined 11-2 The Growth and Relevance of Organiza tion Development 41-3 A Short Hist ory of Organiza tion Development 71-3a Lab orat ory Trai ning Backg round 81-3b Act ion Rese ar ch an d Surve y- Feedback Backg round 81-3c Normat ive Backg round 91-3d Product ivi ty an d Qual ity- of-Wo rk- Life Backg round 111-3e Strat egic Chan ge Backg round 131-4 Evolution in Organiza tion

6 Development 131-5 Overview of the Book 15 Summary 17 Notes 17 PART 1 Overview of Organiza tion Development20 CHAPTER 2 The Nature of Planned Change212-1 Theories of Planned Change 222-1a Lewin s Chan ge Model 222-1b Act ion Rese ar ch Model 242-1c The Posi tive Model 262-1d Compar iso ns of Chan ge Models 272-2 General Model of Planned Change 282-2a Entering an d Contract ing 282-2b Diag nosi ng 292-2c Plan ning an d Implementing Chan ge 292-2d Eval uat ing an d Inst itutional izing Chan ge 302-3 Different Types of Planned Change 302-3a Mag nitude of Chan ge 30 Applica tion Change at the San Diego County Regional AirportAuthority 312-3b Degree of Organ izat ion 342-3c Domest ic ve rsu s Internat ional Settings 35 Applica tion Change in an Underorganized Syst em 362-4 Critique of Planned Change 402-4a Conce ptual izat ion of Plan ned Chan ge 402-4b Pract ice of Plan ned Chan ge 41vSummary 42 Notes 42 CHAPTER3 The Organization Development Pract itioner453-1 Wh o Is the Organiza tion Development Pract itioner?

7 463-2 Competenci es of an Effect ive Organiza tion Development Pract itioner 473-2a Intrap erso nal Ski lls or Self-Man ag ement Competence 483-2b Interperso nal Ski lls 513-2c General Consu ltat ion Ski lls 513-2d Organ izat ion Deve lopment Theory 523-3 The Professi onal Organiza tion Development Pract itioner 523-3a Role of Organ izat ion Deve lopment Professi onal Posi tions 52 Applica tion nal Views of the Internal and External Consu ltingPosi tions553-3b Car eers of Organ izat ion Deve lopment Professi onal s 593-4 Professi onal Values 603-5 Professi onal Ethics 613-5a Ethical Guidelines 613-5b Ethical Dilemmas 62 Applica tion Todd and the Ethicsof OD65 Summary 66 Notes 67 Appendix 70 PART 2 The Proce ss of Organiza tion Development74 CHAPTER4 Entering and Contract ing754-1 Entering into an OD Relationsh ip 764-1a Clar ifyi ng the Organ izat ional Issu e 764-1b Determining the Relevan t Client 774-1c Select ing an OD Pract itioner 784-2 Developing a Contract 79 Applica tion Alegent Health804-2a Mutual Exp ect at ions 814-2b Time an d Reso urce s 814-2c Ground Rules 824-3 Interperso nal Proce ss Issu es in Entering and Contract ing 82 Applica tion ing with Alegent Health83 Summary 87 Notes 87 CHAPTER5 Diagnosi ng895-1 Wh at Is Diagnosi s?

8 905-2 The Need for Diagnost ic Models 915-3 Open-Syst ems Model 925-3a Organ izat ions as Open Syst ems 925-3b Diag nosi ng Organ izat ional Syst ems 94viCONTENTS5-4 Organiza tion-Level Diagnosi s 965-4a Inputs 965-4b Desi gn Components 985-4c Outputs 1005-4d Alignment 1005-4e Anal ysi s 101 Applica tion & Sons 1025-5 Group-Level Diagnosi s 1065-5a Inputs 1065-5b Desi gn Components 1075-5c Outputs 1085-5d Alignment 1085-5e Anal ysi s 109 Applica tion Team at Ortiv Glass Corporation 1105-6 Individual-Level Diagnosi s 1125-6a Inputs 1125-6b Desi gn Components 1135-6c Outputs 1135-6d Alignment1145-6e Anal ysi s 114 Applica tion Desi gn at Pepperdine Universi ty 115 Summary 119 Notes 119 CHAPTER6 Collect ing, Analyzing, and Feeding Back Diagnost ic Information 1236-1 The Diagnost ic Relationsh ip 1236-2 Collect ing Data 1266-2a Quest ionnai res 1276-2b Intervi ews 1296-2c Obse rvat ions 1306-2d Unobtrusi ve Measu res 1316-3 Sampling 1326-4 Analyzi ng Data 1336-4a Qual itat ive Tools 1336-4b Quan titat ive Tools 135 Applica tion ing and Analyzing Diagnost ic Data at Alegent Health 1366-5 Feeding Back Data 1426-5a Content of Feedback1426-5b Proce ss of Feedback1446-6 Survey Feedback 1456-6a Wh at Are the Steps?

9 145 Applica tion OD Pract itioners in Data Feedback 1466-6b Surve y Feedback an d Organ izat ional Dependenci es 148 Applica tion Feedback and Planned Change at Cambia HealthSolutions 1496-6c Limitat ions of Surve y Feedback1526-6d Resu lts of Surve y Feedback152 Summary 154 Notes 154 CONTENTSviiCHAPTER7 Desi gning Interventions1577-1 Overview of Interventions 1577-1a Human Proce ss Interve ntions 1577-1b Tech nost ruct ural Interve ntions 1597-1c Human Reso urce s Man ag ement Interve ntions 1607-1d Strat egic Chan ge Interve ntions 1617-2 Wh at Are Effect ive Interventions? 1627-3 How to Desi gn Effect ive Interventions 1637-3a Contingenci es Relat ed to the Chan ge Situat ion 1647-3b Contingenci es Relat ed to the Tar get of Chan ge 171 Summary 173 Notes 175 CHAPTER8 Managing Change1798-1 Overview of Change Act ivities 1798-2 Motivating Change 1818-2a Creat ing Read iness for Chan ge 1818-2b Ove rco ming Resi st an ce to Chan ge 1838-3 Creating a Visi on 184 Applica tion Change in the Sexual Violence Prevention Unit ofMinneso ta s Health Department 1858-3a Descr ibing the Core Ideology 1868-3b Const ruct ing the Envi si oned Future 1878-4 Developing Politica l Support 188 Applica tion a Visi on at Premier 1898-4a Asse ssi ng Chan ge

10 Agent Power 1928-4b Identifyi ng Key Stake holders 1928-4c Influenci ng Stake holders 1928-5 Managing the Transi tion 193 Applica tion Politica l Support for the Strategic Planning Project inthe Sexual Violence Prevention Unit 1948-5a Act ivi ty Plan ning 1968-5b Commitment Plan ning 1968-5c Chan ge-Man ag ement Struct ures 1968-5d Lear ning Proce sse s 1968-6 Sust aining Momentum 197 Applica tion tion Management inthe HP Compaq Acq uisi tion 1988-6a Provi ding Reso urce s for Chan ge 2008-6b Building a Support Syst em for Chan ge Agents 2008-6c Deve loping New Competenci es an d S