ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR: AN EXPERIENTIAL …

1 ORGANIZATIONAL behavior : AN EXPERIENTIAL approach EIGHTH EDITION Joyce S. Osland PART 2 CREATING EFFECTIVE WORK GROUPS Chapter 9 Perception and AttributionOBJECTIVES:A. Define perception and explain the perceptual Perception is the process by which we select, organize, and evaluate the stimuli in ourenvironment to make it meaningful for Selective attention means that people perceive only some of the stimuli that is Both internal factors (motives, values, interests, attitudes, past experiences, andexpectations) and external factors (motion, intensity, size, novelty, and salience) affect whatwe Perceived stimuli is organized into patterns, such as opposites, cause and effectrelationships, and Schemas are BUSI2101 Week2 LectureNotesBUSI2101 Week2 LectureNotescognitive frameworks that represent organized knowledge about a givenconcept, event, or type of stimulus.

2 Once established, they determine what stimuli we attendto and People evaluate and interpret the stimuli they perceive in a subjective Social identity theory is based on the belief that people tend(1) to perceive themselves and others in terms of social categories rather than asindividuals (social categorization) (2) to assess the relative worth of groups as well as individuals by comparing them(social comparison) and(3) to perceive and respond to the world not as detached observers but in terms oftheir identity, which depends on the social groups to which they belong (socialidentification).B. Identify the sources of misinterpretation in cross cultural Stereotyping occurs when we attribute behavior or attitudes to a person on the basis ofthe group or category to which the person Three sourceBUSI2101 Week2 LectureNotess of misinterpretation in cross culturalinteractions are(1) subconscious cultural blinders (2) lack of cultural self awareness and(3) projected The model teaches people to distinguish among description, interpretation, andevaluation of cultural behavior .

3 Description is the safest response because interpretation andevaluation are likely to result in misattributions or negative Understand both the benefits and the drawbacks of the perceptual The drawbacks to perception are that it prevents us from taking in everything we should,makes our interpretations open to question, and promotes On the positive side, the process of perception limits, selects, and organizes stimuli thatwould otherwise overwhelm us. D. Recognize common perceptual There are numerous perceptual distortions to avoid: stereotyping, the halo effect,primacy and recency effects, central tendency, contrast effects, projection, and self fulfillingperceptual defenses. E. Describe the Johari The Johari window consists of four quadrants: the arena, blindspot, fascade, andunknown.

4 It is an information processing model that distinguishes among information aboutoneself that is either known or unknown to the self or the other in a social interaction. Goodcommunication is most likely to occur when both parties are operating from their arena. F. Explain attribution Attribution theory contends that when people observe others' behavior , they attempt todetermine whether it is internally or externally caused. We look for information aboutconsensus, consistency, and distinctiveness to decide on causation. 16. The self serving bias occurs when people attribute their success to personal qualitieswhile blaming their failure on external factors. 17. Fundamental attribution error is the tendency to overestimate the influence of personalfactors and underestimate the influence of external factors when judging others' behavior .

5 G. Understand the relevance of perception and attribution for BASE No individuals perceive stimuli in the exact same fashion. Perception (defined) the process by which we select, organize, and evaluate the stimuli in ourenvironment to make it meaningful for ourselves. three stages of the perceptual process1 Selection2 Organization3 Evaluation1 Selection. (perceptual process stage) selective attention (defined) the process of filtering the information our senses receive. Both internal and external factors determine what sensory impressions we pay attention to. Internal factors that affect perception aremotives,values,interests,attitudes,pa st experiences, andexpectations. external factors that influence perception arecharacteristics of the target we ,intensity,size,novelty,and Organization.

6 (perceptual process stage) Our thought processes automatically structure stimuli into patterns patterns of antithesis (opposites) and cause and effect relationships Social cognition theory. stimuli is organized into schemas. Schemas are mental maps of different concepts, events, or types of stimuli thatcontain both the attributes of the concept and the relBUSI2101 Week2 LectureNotesationship among the attributes. each of us has a schema about "leadership" that includes the traits that wethink describe a good leader. We tend to see these traits as a package deal ifsomeone has a few of these traits, we assume they also possess the other traits. Once schemas have been estabished, they determine what we notice and it difficult to remember free floating stimuli than stimuli that fit into Evaluation.

7 (perceptual process stage) We interpret stimuli in a subjective rather than objective fashion. conclusions are biased by our individual attitudes, needs, experiences, expectations, goals,values, and physical condition at the time. the same person can have diverse perceptions of the same stimuli at different points IDENTITY no two people perceive the world exactly the same, but social groups and cultures have sharedperception. group identification determines the world is viewed because it teaches you to pay attention to thesame stimuli. social identity theory is based on the belief that people tend(1) to perceive themselves and others in terms of social categories rather than as individuals(social categorization) (2) to assess the relative worth of groups as well as individuals by comparing them (socialcomparison) and(3) to perceive and respond to the world not as detached observers but in terms of theiridentity, which depends on the social groups to which they belong (social identification).

8 People perceive themselves as similar along important dimensions (such as similar disposition,similar attitudes) and define themselves in terms of the groups in which they are members. the downside of social identity is that when humans categorize others into groups, they tend toperceive other social groups as Stereotyping occurs when we attribute behavior or attitudes to a person on the basis of the groupto which the person belongs. stereotypes are based on relatively little information, resistant to change, and rarely accuratelyapplied to specific individuals. perception is extremely useful. It allows us to make sense of a world full of stimuli in three ways:1 limiting the amount of information that enters our mind to prevent overload 2 selecting what input we will attend to and,3 organizing and classifying the input we receive so not to waste time making sense ofsimilar behavior and OF PERCEPTION IN THE WORKPLACE Managers and employees must deal with misperceptions, no matter how ridiculous they DISTORTIONS the "halo effect," occurs when our evaluation of others is dominated by only one of their traits.

9 The primacy effect means one's perception is dominated by the first impression of anotherperson. The recency effect is when one's perception is overly dominated by the most recent interactionswith a person. Central tendency is a perceptual distortion that occurs when a person avoids extremejudgments and rates everything as average. Contrast effects are present when our evaluations are affected by comparisons with otherpeople we have recently encountered who are either better or worse in terms of this characteristic. Projection is the tendency to attribute one's personal attitudes or feelings to another person,thereby relieving one's own sense of guilt or failure. perceptual defense. These defenses act as a screen blocking out that which we do not want tosee and letting through that which we wish to JOHARI WINDOW The Johari Window is an information processing model that consists of four regions determinedby whether information about oneself is known or unknown to oneself and others.

10 When a person's arena is very small, communication is greatly hindered. Arena This cell includes information that I and others know about me Facade This cell contains information that I know about myself but hide from others. Blindspot This cell consists of information or characteristics that people perceive in me but thatI do not see in myself. Unknown This cell is made up of information and characteristics that neither I nor others INFLUENCE ON PERCEPTION Adler has identified three sources of misinterpretation in cross cultural interaction:1 Subconscious cultural blinders. We use our own cultural assumptions to interpret theevents and behavior of a foreign Lack of cultural awareness. We are unaware of our cultural values and norms and theway that other cultures perceive us.